Recombinant adenovirus and adeno-associated virus, cell lines, and methods of production and use thereof

ABSTRACT

An adenovirus E1/E4 expressing packaging cell line is provided, which permits the generation of recombinant adenoviruses deleted in both gene regions. A method for enhancing the efficiency of transduction of a recombinant AAV into a target cell is provided by infecting a target cell with a recombinant AAV comprising a selected transgene under the control of regulatory sequences. The infected cell is contacted with an agent which facilitates the conversion of single stranded recombinant virus to its double stranded form.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national phase filing, pursuant to 35 USC §371, of PCT/US96/10245, filed Jun. 4, 1996, which is a C-I-P U.S. patent application No. 08/549,489, filed Oct. 27, 1995, which is a C-I-P U.S. patent application No. 08/462,014, filed Jun. 5, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,283.

This invention was supported by the National Institute of Health Grant Nos. HD32649-01, DK47757 and DK49136. The United States government has rights in this invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of somatic gene therapy, and specifically to methods and compositions useful in the treatment of genetic disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Adenoviruses are eukaryotic DNA viruses that can be modified to efficiently deliver a therapeutic or reporter transgene to a variety of cell types [see, e.g., M. S. Horwitz et al, “Adenoviridae and Their Replication”, Virology, second edition, pp. 1712, ed. B. N. Fields et al, Raven Press Ltd., New York (1990)]. Recombinant adenoviruses (rAds) are capable of providing extremely high levels of transgene delivery to virtually all cell types, regardless of the mitotic state. The efficacy of this system in delivering a therapeutic transgene in vivo that complements a genetic imbalance has been demonstrated in animal models of various disorders [K. F. Kozarsky et al, Somatic Cell Mol. Genet., 19:449-458 (1993) (“Kozarsky et al I”); K. F. Kozarsky et al, J. Biol. Chem., 269:13695-13702 (1994) (“Kozarsky et al II) and others]. The use of recombinant adenoviruses in the transduction of genes into hepatocytes in vivo has previously been demonstrated in rodents and rabbits [see, e.g., Kozarsky II, cited above, and S. Ishibashi et al, J. Clin. Invest., 92:883-893 (1993)].

The first-generation recombinant, replication-deficient adenoviruses which have been developed for gene therapy contain deletions of the entire E1a and part of the E1b regions. This replication-defective virus is grown on an adenovirus-transforned, complementation human embryonic kidney cell line containing a functional adenovirus E1a gene which provides a transacting E1a protein, the 293 cell [ATCC CRL1573]. E1-deleted viruses are capable of replicating and producing infectious virus in the 293 cells, which provide E1a and E1b region gene products in trans. The resulting virus is capable of infecting many cell types and can express the introduced gene (providing it carries its own promoter), but cannot replicate in a cell that does not carry the E1 region DNA unless the cell is infected at a very high multiplicity of infection.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) in an integrating human DNA parvovirus which has been proposed for use as a gene delivery vehicle for somatic gene therapy [B. J. Carter, in “Handbook of Parvoviruses”, ed., P. Tijsser, CRC Press, pp.155-168 (1990)]. This small non-enveloped virus contains a 4.6 kb single stranded (ss) DNA genome that encodes sets of regulatory and capsid genes called rep and cap. Rep polypeptides (rep78, rep68, rep62 and rep40) are involved in replication, rescue and integration of the AAV genome. The cap proteins (VP1, VP2 and VP3) form the virion capsid. Flanking the rep and cap open reading frames at the 5′ and 3′ ends are 145 bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), the first 125 bp of which are capable of forming Y- or T-shaped duplex structures.

Recombinant forms of AAV (rAAV) have been developed as vectors by replacing all viral open reading frames with a therapeutic minigene, while retaining the necessary cis elements contained in the ITRs. [See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,797,368; 5,153,414; 5,139,941; 5,252,479; and 5,354,678; and International Publication Nos. WO 91/18088 published Nov. 28, 1991; WO 93/24641 published Dec. 9, 1993 and W094/13788 published Jun. 23, 1994]. However, progress towards establishing AAV as a transducing vehicle for gene therapy has been slow for a variety of reasons. For example, the integrated provirus preferentially targets specific sites in chromosome 19. Additionally, difficulties surround large-scale production of replication defective recombinants. The cells employed to produce rAAV must also be infected with adenovirus or herpesvirus to provide the necessary helper functions, thereby producing problems in purifying recombinant AAV (rAAV) from contaminating virus in culture. Practical experience with purified recombinant AAV as a gene therapy vector has been disappointing, because the more purified the AAV is from co-infection with its helper virus in culture, the lower the gene transduction efficiencies that the rAAV displays.

There remains a need in the art for additional recombinant adenoviruses and rAAV, therapeutic compositions and methods which enable effective use of these recombinant viruses in the treatment of disorders and diseases by gene therapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of this invention, a packaging cell line is provided which expresses adenovirus genes E1a, E1b and E4, or functional fragments thereof, e.g., the E4 open reading frame (ORF) 6.

In another aspect, the invention provides a rAd comprising the DNA of at least a portion of the genome of an adenovirus having functional deletions of the E1 and E4 gene regions; a suitable gene operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing its expression, and an adenovirus capsid, the rAd capable of infecting a mammalian cell and expressing the gene product in the cell in vivo or in vitro. The invention also provides a mammalian cell infected with the rAd described above.

In still another aspect, the invention provides a rAd shuttle vector comprising the DNA of at least a portion of the genome of an adenovirus having functional deletions of the E1 and E4 gene regions.

In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for producing the above-described recombinant Ad and a method for delivering a selected gene into a mammalian cell using the recombinant Ad described above.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for enhancing the efficiency of transduction of a recombinant AAV into a target cell. The method operates, in brief, by infecting a target cell with a ss recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) which comprises a transgene operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing its expression, and contacting the infected cells with an agent which facilitates the conversion of ss rAAV to its double stranded (ds) form. Conversion of ss rAAV to ds rAAV occurs in the target cell, resulting in enhanced transduction of the rAAV into the target cell. The agent may be a helper virus which carries a selected gene or functional fragment thereof encoding a polypeptide capable of enhancing the conversion of the ss rAAV to ds rAAV and which is co-infected into the same target cell. The agent may also be a drug or chemical composition which accomplishes the same function and is applied to the infected target cell. This method can operate both in an ex vivo setting and in vivo.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a novel recombinant AAV, which contains both the transgene intended for use in treating a genetic disease or disorder and at least one additional gene operatively linked to inducible or constitutive regulatory sequences. The additional gene(s) encodes a polypeptide capable of facilitating, alone or in concert with other additional genes, the conversion of ss rAAV to its ds form upon expression. In a preferred embodiment, the additional gene is adenovirus E4 or a functional fragment thereof. Also disclosed is a method for enhancing the efficiency of transduction of the novel rAAV into a target cell.

The novel rAAV and methods of this invention are also useful in pharmaceutical compositions for use in ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy treatment protocols for treating inherited diseases, cancer, and other genetic dysfunctions.

Other aspects and advantages of the present invention are described further in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary plasmid pMMTVE4ORF6 [SEQ ID NO: 1] or pMTE4ORF6, which contains an MMTV or sheep MT promoter, respectively, in control of a human E4 ORF 6 gene sequence, a growth hormone gene terminator sequence (GH), an SV40 ori, pBR322-based plasmid sequences including a neo^(R) gene, an SV40 polyA site and amp^(R) gene.

FIG. 2 is a schematic map of rAd H5.001CBLacZ [SEQ ID NO: 3] with indicated restriction endonuclease enzyme sites. The striated bar represents the CBLaCZ minigene; the black bar represents Ad5 viral backbone, the crosshatched bar represents Ad E4 deletion.

FIG. 3 plots LacZ forming units (LFU)/ml vs time (hours) for E4 complementing cell lines infected with H5.001CBLacZ.

FIG. 4A is a graph of the induction, ORF6 expression and viral production in 293-27-18 packaging cells plotting yield at 24 hours post-infection (pi) in LFU/ml and ORF6 protein (abs.mm) vs. concentration of the inducer, dexamethasone (μM). Abs.mm is the intensity of the size of the protein band on a Western blot and reflects absorbance and protein size in mm². The square is yield at 24 hours pi. The diamond is ORF6 protein detected at 24 hours pi.

FIG. 4B is a similar graph to that of FIG. 4A, except that the packaging cells are 293-10-3 cells. The symbols are an described for FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5A is a bar graph plotting β-galactosidase enzyme activity in lysates from infected Hela cells. The horizontal axis indicates the adenoviruses infected into the HeLa cells, with the symbol “+” indicating the addition of the adenovirus to the rAAV, AV.CMVLaCZ. The vertical axis indicates intracellular β-galactosidase specific activity (mUnits/mg protein) using ONPG. Below each bar, the fold-induction in specific activity relative to cells that received the AV.CMVLacZ vector alone is given.

FIG. 5B is a bar graph plotting Ad multiplicity of infection (MOI) in Hela cells of wild-type Ad5 or the E2 mutant d1802, the cells co-infected with rAAV vs. intracellular β-galactosidase specific activity. See Example 11.

FIG. 6A is a graph in which β-galactosidase specific activity and counts per minute (CPM) are plotted along the vertical axis and adenovirus MOI's are on the horizontal axis for HeLa cells infected with wtAd5 and rAAV according to Example 12. Data obtained from low MOI (1, 5, and 10) infections are shown.

FIG. 6B is a graph similar to that of FIG. 6A except that the cells were infected with Ad mutant d1802.

FIG. 7A illustrates a model for leading strand synthesis of a complementary AAV strand in the presence of Rep (+Rep) or absence of Rep (−Rep). Rep expresses a terminal resolution activity that can convert a duplex structure with closed-ends to an open-ended duplex. In the absence of Rep, terminal resolution is impaired leaving the covalently closed, hairpin structures intact. Under these conditions, hairpins are expected to be found leftward and rightward, since both strands of a rescued ds AAV genome are packaged into virions.

FIG. 7B is a schematic of linear AV.CMVLacZ with labeled domains including the AAV ITRS, CMV immediate early enhancer/promoter (CMV), SV40 splice donor-splice acceptor (SD/SA), E. coli β-galactosidase cDNA (LacZ), and SV40 polyA signal (pA). Two NotI sites located at bp positions 1035 and 4509 are indicated.

FIG. 7C illustrates a closed end and an open end fragment of rAV.CNVLacZ.

FIGS. 7D, 7E and 7F indicate the mixture of open-ended and covalently closed duplex fragments generated by NotI digestion of ss AV.CMVLacZ at position 4509 in the absence of terminal resolution. The NotI 4509 digestion provides a convenient means of releasing a 361 bp fragment that contains the right ITR in the context of a hybridization target (i.e. SV40 pA). In the presence of terminal resolution, only the open-ended 361 bp fragment would be expected to be generated (FIG. 7D) by such digestion.

FIG. 8A is a bar graph plotting β-galactosidase specific activity (mUnits/mg protein) vs. increasing concentration of zinc (μM) inducer for cell line 293 (MT-ORF6) transduced with AVCMVLacZ (first row below each bar). Also provided is the fold-induction relative to 293 cells (second row below each bar), and the fold-induction relative to 293(ORF6) cells maintained in the absence of zinc (third row).

FIG. 8B is a bar graph plotting CPM of duplex monomer replicative form (RFm) of rAAV vs. the concentration of zinc (μM) used for induction and the fold-induction relative to 293(ORF6) cells maintained in 0 mM zinc below each bar.

FIG. 8C is a graphical comparison of the induction profiles that describe AV.CMVLacZ transduction efficiency. Specific activity data from FIG. 8A and CPM data of AV.CMVLacZ RFm from FIG. 8B are plotted along the vertical axis, and concentration of zinc sulfate used during the experiment is shown along the horizontal axis.

FIG. 9 is a bar graph plotting specific activity (milliunits β-galactosidase/mg protein) vs the concentration of zinc used for induction (first row under the horizontal axis), the fold-induction relative to Hela cells (second row), and the fold-induction relative to HeLa(Mt-ORF6) cells maintained in the absence of zinc (third row), for the HeLa(MT-ORF6) cells transduced at an MOI of 1,000 AV.CMVLacZ virus particles/cell in the absence of zinc sulfate inducer or in the presence of 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 μM zinc sulfate inducer.

FIG. 10 is a schematic of the plasmid pAV.CMVLaCZ [SEQ ID NO: 4].

FIG. 11 illustrates plassid pAV.CMVALP.GRE-ORF6 [SEQ ID NO: 5].

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides packaging cell lines, which enable the production of recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) functionally deleted in both the E1 and E4 genes. These rAd and methods which enable the therapeutic treatment of disorders with such rAds are disclosed. Novel “second generation” recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) and methods for enhancing the transduction efficiency of rAAV containing a transgene for expression in a somatic gene therapy protocol are also provided. The methods and compositions of this invention are useful in ex vivo applications of gene therapy, such as in the transduction of bone marrow cells with desirable hematopoietic stem cell progenitor genes prior to bone marrow transplantation. The embodiments of the invention are also useful in pharmaceutical compositions for direct in vivo treatment of patients by gene therapy vectors, including the transduction of desirable genes in patients with genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis (CF).

I. Packaging Cell Lines

To increase the transgene capacity and decrease immune response of rAds, as many viral genes as possible should be deleted to inactivate the adenovirus. However, it is crucial to generate complementing cell lines for construction and propagation of such deleted Ad. The method and compositions of the present invention overcome several problems previously identified in the gene therapy for first generation E1 deleted adenoviruses and display advantages in administration particularly to muscle tissue.

Early region 4 (E4) of Ad serotype 5 consists of 7 ORFs believed to be involved in viral DNA replication, host cell shut-off, and late mRNA accumulation. To generate rAd deleted in E4, the function of the E4 region must be supplied to the rAd by a helper virus or packaging cell line. However, useful packaging cell lines have not been available previously because normally the continuous expression of functioning Ad E1 and functional E4 in a single cell line are toxic to the cell. Such cells are therefore not useful for the growth and replication of rAds. Further, the DNA encoding the functional Ad E1 and Ad E4 genes, when present in a packaging cell line, can increase the chances of recombination with a rAd virus to cause the virus to revert to a wildtype Ad virus.

The present invention avoids these problems by providing a packaging cell line which contains the Ad5 E1 gene and only the ORF 6 of the Ad5 E4 gene. ORF6 of E4 alone can provide the requirements for E4 in the viral life cycle.

According to this invention, the ORF6 is preferably under the transcriptional control of an inducible promoter. The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, inducible by a glucocorticoid, particularly, dexamethasone, is presently preferred. The DNA sequence of the MMTV promoter spans nucleotides 1-1506 of SEQ ID NO: 1. Another inducible promoter is the sheep metallothionine (MT) promoter, inducible by zinc [M. G. Peterson et al, Eur. J. Biochem., 174:417-424 (1988)]. However, the zinc sulfate inducer of the MT promoter can itself be toxic to the cells. Other inducible promoters, such as those identified in International patent application W095/13392, published May 18, 1995, and incorporated by reference herein may also be used in the production of packaging cell lines according to this invention. Constitutive promoters, such as the constitutive Ad5 E4 region promoter, LTR, may be employed in control of the expression of ORF6.

The packaging cell line of the invention which utilizes an inducible promoter permits one to control the development of toxicity by regulating the expression of the E4 ORF6 gene. After the desired shuttle vector containing the Ad sequences is transfected into the cell line, expression of the E4 ORF6 can be induced by the appropriate inducer. The packaging cell is thus able to provide both Ad E1 and Ad E4 ORF6 gene products to the rAd for a sufficient period to allow productive infection and recovery of the rAd, before the cell becomes toxic. At present, the time period before the cell experiences toxicity is about 10 days.

In its most preferred form, the packaging cell line is a human embryonic kidney (HERK) 293 E1 expressing cell line into which is introduced the E4 ORF 6 sequence under the control of the inducible promoter. It should be understood by one of skill in the art that another parent cell line may be selected for the generation of a novel cell line expressing the E1a, E1b, and E4 ORF6 genes of a selected adenovirus serotype. Among such parent cell lines may be included HeLa [CCL 2], A549 [CCL 185], KB [CCL 17], Detroit [e.g., Detroit 510, CCL 72] and WI-38 [ATCC CCL 75] calls. These cell lines are all available from the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md., USA. Other suitable parent call lines may be obtained from other sources. If such parent cell lines were selected for modification, the cell line would need to be further supplied with the E1a and E1b gene functions, e.g., such as by transfection with a plasmid containing these genes or functional fragments thereof under a suitable promoter, as well as with the ORF6 gene as described herein.

Example 1 teaches construction of packaging cell lines containing only the ORF 6 of Ad5 E4 region or, for functional comparisons, the entire E4 region. Briefly described, the entire E4 region and an ORF6 sequence of Ad 5 E4 gene were obtained by known techniques [see, e.g., Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual.”, 2d edit., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989) and references cited therein]. To isolate the ORF6 region, the anchored PCR technique was used to amplify the ORF6 sequence from its initiation codon to its termination codon. Primers selected from the published sequence of ORF6 were used to amplify the ORF sequence and insert restriction sites onto the end of the sequence. The E4 ORF6 sequence itself is reproduced as nucleotides 1523 through 2408 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The entire E4 gene sequence is published in the Genbank sequence of Ad5 [Genbank Accession No. M73260].

A minigene was constructed that placed the ORF6 sequence under the control of a selected promoter. By “minigene” as used here is meant the combination of the desired sequence to be expressed (in this particular instance, the ORF6 sequence) and the other regulatory elements necessary to transcribe the desired sequence and express the gene product in a cell containing that minigene. The ORF6 sequence gene is operatively linked to regulatory components in a manner which permits its transcription. Such components include conventional regulatory elements, such as a promoter to drive ORF6 expression. One inducible promoter was the Zn⁺² inducible MT promoter; the other was the dexamethasone-inducible MMTV promoter of SEQ ID NO: 1.

The minigene also contains nucleic acid sequences heterologous to the ORF6 viral sequence, including sequences providing signals required for efficient polyadenylation of the transcript (poly-A or pA). A common poly-A sequence which is employed in this invention is that derived from the growth hormone (GH) gene terminator sequence (nuc. 2409-3654 of SEQ ID NO: 1). The poly-A sequence generally is inserted in the minigene following the ORF6 sequence. The polyA sequence employed in the MMTV-ORF6 minigene described in Example 1 [SEQ ID NO: 1] is supplied by the GH gene terminator and an SV40 origin of replication (ori). A similar minigene differing in promoter sequence, polyA sequence and/or SV40 ori can also be designed by one of skill in the art to transfer the E4 ORF6 sequence to a shuttle plasmid. Selection of these and other common vector elements are conventional [see, e.g., Sambrook et al, cited above, and references cited therein] and many such sequences are available from commercial and industrial sources as well as from Genbank.

The ORF6-containing minigene was subcloned into a pBR322-based shuttle plasmid that contained a neomycin resistance gene, resulting in the shuttle vector of FIG. 1. Any of the many known bacterial shuttle vectors may be employed to carry the minigene, providing that the vector contains a reporter gene or selectable marker of which many, e.g., neo, amp or puromycin, are known in the art. It is expected that one of skill in the art can develop other suitable shuttle vectors using other plasmid components which are similarly capable of transferring the ORF6 minigene into the chromosome of a cell transfected with the plasmid.

As further described in Example 1, other shuttle vectors were designed for comparative purposes, which contain the complete or substantially complete Ad5 E4 region under the control of the constitutive retroviral MLV LTR sequence in the presence or absence of the endogenous E4 promoter. The shuttle plasmid carrying the ORF6 minigene (or the entire E4 region) was introduced into HEK 293 cells which express the Ad E1 gene products. Complementing cell lines were generated that express these Ad E4 or ORF6 genes from either their endogenous promoters or heterologous inducible promoters. These cell lines are further characterized by their genetic constitution, E4 protein synthesis, recombinant AAV helper function, relative plaque efficiency of H5dl1004 virus, and growth kinetics of recombinant E1/E4 deleted adenovirus. These characteristics of exemplary E1/E4 expressing packaging cell lines are discussed in detail in the following examples.

II. Recombinant Adenovirus

The E1/E4 expressing cell line is useful in constructing E1/E4 deleted rAds which can deliver a suitable gene to mammalian cells and tissues. These rAds are functionally deleted in at least the E1a, E1b and E4 Ad gene regions. By the term “functionally deleted” is meant that a sufficient amount of the gene region is removed or otherwise damaged, e.g., by mutation or modification, so that the gene region is no longer capable of producing the products of gene expression. If desired, the entire gene region may be removed. In in vivo experiments with the rAd grown in the packaging cell lines, the E1/E4 deleted rAd demonstrated utility particularly in transferring a transgene to a muscle cell.

The adenovirus sequences used in the construction of the shuttle vectors, helper viruses, if needed, and rAd, and other components and sequences employed in the construction of the vectors and viruses described herein may be readily obtained from commercial or academic sources based on previously published and described sequences. Viral materials may also be obtained from an individual patient. The viral sequences and vector components may be generated by resort to the teachings and references contained herein, coupled with standard recombinant molecular cloning techniques known and practiced by those skilled in the art. Modifications of existing nucleic acid sequences forming the vectors, including sequence deletions, insertions, and other mutations taught by this specification may be generated using standard techniques. Similarly, the methods employed for the selection of viral sequences useful in a vector, the cloning and construction of the “minigene” and its insertion into a desired viral shuttle vector and the production of a recombinant infectious virus are within the skill in the art given the teachings provided herein.

A. Construction of the Transgene

A “minigene” in this context is defined as above, except that the components of this minigene are designed to express the gene product ex vivo or in vivo. Such components include conventional regulatory elements necessary to drive expression of the transgene in a cell transfected with the rAd. For this minigene, a selected promoter is operatively linked to the transgene and located, with other regulatory elements, within the selected viral sequences of the recombinant vector. Selection of the promoter is a routine matter and is not a limitation of this invention. Useful promoters may be constitutive promoters or regulated (inducible) promoters, which will enable control of the amount of the transgene to be expressed. For example, a desirable promoter is that of the cytonegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter/enhancer [see, e.g., Boshart et al, Cell, 41:521-530 (1985)]. Another desirable promoter includes the Rous sarcoma virus LTR promoter/enhancer. Still another promoter/enhancer sequence is the chicken cytoplasmic β-actin (CB) promoter [T. A. Kost et al, Nucl. Acids Res., 11(23):8287 (1983)]. Other suitable promoters may be selected by one of skill in the art.

The minigene may also desirably contain nucleic acid sequences heterologous to the viral vector sequences including poly-A sequences and introns with functional splice donor and acceptor sites, as described above. The poly-A sequence generally is inserted in the minigene following the transgene sequences and before the 3′ adenovirus sequences. A minigene of the present invention may also contain an intron, desirably located between the promoter/enhancer sequence and the transgene. Selection of these and other common vector elements are conventional as described above and many such sequences are available from commercial and industrial sources as well as from Genbank.

As above stated, the minigene is located in the site of any selected deletion in the rAd. In the E1/E4 deleted rAd H5.001CBLacZ, the transgene is located in the deleted E1 gene region. However, the transgene may be located elsewhere in the adenovirus sequence, as desired.

B. Production of Recombinant Adenovirus

Adenovirus sequences useful in this invention may include the DNA sequences of a number of adenovirus types, which are available from Genbank, including type Ad5 [Genbank Accession No. M73260]. The adenovirus sequences may be obtained from any known adenovirus serotype, such as serotypes 2, 3, 4, 7, 12 and 40, and further including any of the presently identified 41 human types [see, e.g., Horwitz, cited above]. Similarly adenoviruses known to infect other animals may also be employed in the vector constructs of this invention. The selection of the adenovirus type is not anticipated to limit the following invention. A variety of adenovirus strains are available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md., or available by request from a variety of commercial and institutional sources. In the following exemplary embodiment an adenovirus, type 5 (Ad5) is used for convenience.

However, it is desirable to obtain a variety of adenovirus shuttle vectors based on different human adenovirus serotypes. It is anticipated that a library of such plasmids and the resulting rAds would be useful in a therapeutic regimen to evade cellular, and possibly humoral, immunity, and lengthen the duration of transgene expression, as well as improve the success of repeat therapeutic treatments. Additionally the use of various serotypes is believed to produce rAds with different tissue targeting specificities. Additionally, the absence of adenoviral genes E1 and E4 in the rAd of this invention should reduce or eliminate adverse CTL responses which normally cause destruction of rAds deleted of only the E1 gene.

rAds of this invention are recombinant, defective adenoviruses (i.e., E1 deleted) which are also deleted completely or functionally of the E4 gene region. Functional deletions of E4 gene regions may be assessed by assays of Examples 2 and 3, among other assays. rAds useful in this invention may optionally bear other mutations, e.g., temperature sensitive (ts) mutations in the E2a gene region, and deletions in the E3 gene regions.

An adenovirus of this invention contains a functional deletion of the adenoviral early immediate early gene E1a (which spans mu 1.3 to 4.5) and delayed early gene E1b (which spans mu 4.6 to 11.2). Similarly the adenovirus has a functional deletion of the whole E4 region (which spans mu 92 to 97.2), or of at least ORF6 of the E4 region. Gene regions which may be optionally deleted in the E1/E4 deleted rAd of this invention include all or a portion of the adenovirus delayed early gene E3 (which spans Mu 76.6 to 86.2). The function of E3 is irrelevant to the function and production of the rAd.

The rAd of this invention may also have a mutation which results in reduced expression of adenoviral protein and/or reduced viral replication. For example, a ts mutation may be introduced into the adenovirus delayed early gene E2a (which spans mu 67.9 to 61.5). Among such mutations include the incorporation of the missense ts mutation in the (DBP)E2a region found in the Ad5 H5ts125 strain [P. Vander Vliet et al, J. Virol., 15:348-354 (1975)] at 62.5 mu. A single amino acid substitution (62.5 mu) at the carboxy end of the 72 kd protein produced from the E2a gene in this strain produces a protein product which is a ss DNA binding protein and is involved in the replication of adenoviral genomic DNA. At permissive temperatures (approximately 32° C.) the ts strain is capable of full life cycle growth on HeLa cells, while at non-permissive temperatures (approximately 38° C.) no replication of adenoviral DNA is seen. In addition, at non-permissive temperatures, decreased immunoreactive 72 kd protein is seen in HeLa cells. See, e.g., J. F. Engelhardt et al, Hum. Gene Ther., 5:1217-1229 (1994); J. F. Engelhardt et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 91:6196-6200 (1994) and International patent application WO95/13392, published May 18, 1995, incorporated by reference herein.

However, it should be understood that other deletions in the adenovirus genome as previously described in the art or otherwise may also occur in the rAds of this invention. One minimal type of rAd can contain adenovirus genomic sequences from which all viral genes are deleted. More specifically, the adenovirus sequences may be only the cis-acting 5′ and 3′ inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of an adenovirus (which function as oris) and the native 5′ packaging/enhancer domain, that contains sequences necessary for packaging linear Ad genomes and enhancer elements for the E1 promoter. The adenovirus 5′ sequence containing the 5′ ITR and packaging/enhancer region (Ad5 mu 0-1 or bp 1-360) can be employed as the 51 adenovirus sequence in rAd of this invention. The 3′ adenovirus sequences including the right terminal (3′) ITR sequence of the adenoviral genome spanning about bp 35,353—end of the adenovirus genome, or map units ⁻98.4-100 may be desirably employed as the 3′ sequence of the rAd. These sequences, which are clearly devoid of the E1 and E4 genes, can flank, or be operatively associated with the minigene in a rAd. Any other necessary Ad gene products will then be supplied by helper viruses and the E1/E4 ORF6 expressing packaging cell of this invention.

Exemplary rAds for use in this invention, for example, may be obtained by homologous recombination of desired fragments from various rAds, a technique which has been commonly employed to generate other rAds for gene therapy use. In the examples below, a representative rAd, H5.001CBLacZ, is constructed by homologous recombination between the adenovirus dl1004 (also H5dl1004) viral backbone and pAdCBLacZ minigene DNA. HSdl1004 is an Ad5 virus deleted of from about map unit 92.1 through map unit 98, i.e. substantially the entire E4 gene. The dl1004 virus is described in Bridge and Ketner, J. Virol., 632 (2):631-638 (February 1989).

The pAdCBLacZ vector is a cDNA plasmid containing Ad m.u. 0-1, an E1 deletion into which is inserted a bacterial β-galactosidase gene under the control of a chicken β-actin promoter, with other regulatory elements as described below, and flanked by Ad m.u. 9-16 and plassid sequence.

The production of the E1/E4 rAd of this invention in the packaging cell line of this invention utilizes conventional techniques. Such techniques include conventional cloning techniques of cDNA such as those described in texts [Sambrook et al, cited above], use of overlapping oligonucleotide sequences of the adenovirus genomes, PCR and any suitable method which provides the desired nucleotide sequence. Standard transfection and co-transfection techniques are employed, e.g., CaPO₄ transfaction techniques using the complementation 293 cell line. Other conventional methods employed include homologous recombination of the viral genomes, plaquing of viruses in agar overlay, methods of measuring signal generation, and the like.

For example, following the construction and assembly of the desired minigene-containing plasmid vector pAdCBLacZ, the E1/E4 expressing packaging cell line of this invention is infected with the helper virus H5dl1004. The infected cell line is then subsequently transfected with an adenovirus plasmid vector by conventional methods. Homologous recombination occurs between the E4-deleted H5dl1004 helper and the pAdCBLacZ vector, which permits the adenovirus-transgene sequences in the vector to be replicated and packaged into virion capsids, resulting in the rAd. About 30 or more hours post-transfection, the cells are harvested, an extract prepared and the rAd containing the LacZ transgene is purified by buoyant density ultracentrifugation in a CsCl gradient.

III. Use of the Recombinant Virus in Gene Therapy

The rAd containing the transgene produced by cooperation of the adenovirus vector and E4 deleted helper virus and packaging cell line, as described above, provides an efficient gene transfer vehicle which can deliver the transgene in a pharmaceutical composition to a patient in vivo or ex vivo and provide for integration of the gene into a mammalian cell.

The rAds are administered to humans in a conventional manner for gene therapy and serve as an alternative or supplemental gene therapy for the disorder to which the transgene is directed. A rAd of this invention may be administered to a patient, preferably suspended in a biologically compatible solution or pharmaceutically acceptable delivery vehicle. A suitable vehicle includes sterile saline. Other aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions known to be pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and well known to those of skill in the art may be employed for this purpose.

The rAds are administered in sufficient amounts to transfect the desired target cells, e.g., muscle, liver, epithelial, etc. and provide sufficient levels of transfer and expression of the transgene to provide a therapeutic benefit without undue adverse or with medically acceptable physiological effects which can be determined by those skilled in the medical arts. Conventional and pharmaceutically acceptable routes of administration include direct delivery to the muscle or other selected cell, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, oral and other parental routes of administration. Routes of administration may be combined, if desired.

Dosages of rAd will depend primarily on factors such as the condition being treated, the age, weight and health of the patient, and may thus vary among patients. For example, a therapeutically effective human dose of the rAd is generally in the range of from about 20 to about 100 ml of saline solution containing concentrations of from about 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹¹ pfu/ml virus. A preferred human dose is estimated to be about 50 ml saline solution at 2×10¹⁰ pfu/ml. The dose will be adjusted to balance the therapeutic benefit against any side effects. The levels of expression of the transgene can be monitored to determine the frequency of administration.

An optional method step involves the co-administration to the patient, either concurrently with, or before or after administration of the rAd of a suitable amount of a short acting immune modulator. The selected immune modulator is defined herein as an agent capable of inhibiting the formation of neutralizing antibodies directed against the recombinant vector of this invention or capable of inhibiting or substantially delaying cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) elimination of the vector. Among desirable immune modulators are interleukin-12 [European Patent Application No. 441,900]; gamma interferon [S. C. Morris et al, J. Immunol., 152:1047 (1994)]; interleukin-4 [U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,691]; antibody to the CD4 protein, such as anti-OKT 3+ [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,019] or antibody GK1.5 (ATCC Accession No. TIB207); a soluble CD40 molecule or an antibody to CD40 ligand (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co) [European patent application 555,880, published Aug. 18, 1993]; a soluble form of B7 or an antibody to CD28 or CTLA4 [CTLA4-Ig (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co), European patent application 606,217, published Jul. 20, 1994], or agents such as cyclosporin A or cyclophosphamide. Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of this invention provide a desirable gene therapy treatment.

IV. Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus

In the following context the term “transgene” means a nucleic acid sequence or reverse transcript thereof, heterologous to the AAV sequence, which encodes a polypeptide or protein of interest. The transgene may be operatively linked to regulatory components in a manner which permits transgene transcription, i.e., the transgene is placed into operative association with a promoter, as well as other regulatory sequences, such as SV40 introns or polyA sequences, useful for its regulation. The composite association of the tranagene with its regulatory sequences in referred to herein as a minicassette or minigene.

The composition of the transgene or minicassette sequence will depend upon the use to which the resulting rAAV will be put. For example, one type of transgene sequence includes a reporter sequence, which upon expression produces a detectable signal. Such reporter sequences include without limitation, an E. coli β-galactosidase (LacZ) cDNA, an alkaline phosphatase gene (ALP) and a green fluorescent protein gene. These sequences, when associated with regulatory elements which drive their expression, provide signals detectable by conventional means, e.g., ultraviolet wavelength absorbance, visible color change, etc.

Another type of transgene sequence includes a therapeutic gene which expresses a desired gene product in a host cell. These therapeutic nucleic acid sequences typically encode products for administration and expression in a patient In vivo or ex vivo to replace or correct an inherited or non-inherited genetic defect or treat an epigenetic disorder or disease. Such transgenes may be readily selected by one of skill in this art and the design of the transgene or the minicassette for insertion into the rAAV is not a limitation of this invention.

The term “rAAV” encompasses any recombinant AAV gene therapy vehicle of the prior art, including the AdAAV hybrid virus described in published International Patent Application No. W096/13598, published May 9, 1996. More specifically, rAAV defines a rAAV comprising: (a) the DNA of at least a portion of the genome of an AAV, which portion is capable of transducing into a target cell at least one selected gene in the absence of cell division; and (b) at least one selected gene (or transgene) operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing its expression, the gene flanked by the DNA of (a) and capable of expression in the target cell in vivo or in vitro.

Other rAAVs have been described in the art, The method of this invention is not limited by the precise nature of the AAV sequences used in the rAAV, provided that at a minimum both the 5′ and 3′ AAV inverted terminal repeats are present. Thus the rAAV may be selected by one of skill in the art, and is not itself a limitation on this invention. The rAAVS specifically disclosed herein are illustrative.

By the term “transduction” is meant that the rAAV produced by practice of the invention is capable of infecting a desired target cell and expressing the transgene in the cell by harnessing the cell's machinery. Transduction may include stably integrating the viral DNA into a chromosome of the target cell. “Enhanced transduction” is defined as the ability of the rAAV in the presence of a conversion agent to transduce the target cell, either in vitro, or vivo or in vivo, at an efficiency greater than a typical prior art rAAV produced in, and purified from, a culture co-infected with an adenovirus or herpesvirus helper.

This method is based on the observation that the limiting step in rAAV mediated transduction of cells for gene therapy is not the internalization or transfer of the ss viral genome, but rather the subsequent conversion of the single-stranded (ss) viral genome to a transcriptionally active double-stranded (ds) form. Formation of ds DNA intermediates is necessary for recombinant gene expression, which is likely to be modulated by viral and cellular factors through posttranscriptional mechanisms. The inventors have designed a method to overcoxe this rate-limiting step, thereby enhancing transduction ability of an rAAV and ultimately the use of rAAV in gene therapy protocols.

This method of the present invention may employ a conventionally prepared as rAAV containing a transgene. The prior art produces as rAAV by co-infection in culture with a helper adenovirus or herpesvirus, followed by purifying the rAAV from the culture contaminants including the helper virus, and infecting the target cell with the rAAV alone. The present invention provides for infecting a target cell with a ss rAAV. However, once the target cell is infected, the infected cell is contacted with an agent which facilitates the conversion of the ss rAAV to the ds form of rAAV. The action of this “facilitating agent” or “conversion agent” causes the ss to ds conversion to occur in the target cell, resulting in enhanced transduction of the recombinant AAV into the target cell. By facilitating the conversion of ss to ds rAAV in the target cell, the method of this invention may also result in both transduction and stable chromosomal integration of the rAAV into the chromosome of said host cell.

Preferably, for use of this invention the “facilitating or conversion agent” may take several forms.

A. The Conversion Agent Is a Helper Virus

In one embodiment, the agent is a helper virus and the method includes an additional step of co-infecting the target cell with the helper virus. The helper virus useful in this method contains a selected gene which can facilitate the conversion of ss rAAV to ds rAAV. The selected gene may encode a gene product or polypeptide (or a functional fragment of the polypeptide which shares the biological activity of the full-length polypeptide) which enhances the conversion. Alternatively, the selected gene may express an antisense or ribozyme which functions in the cell to block or inhibit a cellular gone that normally prevents as to ds conversion of the rAAV. These genes may also be employed in the second generation rAAV described below.

The helper virus is capable of expressing the selected gene product in the target cell in the absence of cell division. The helper virus may be a wild-type or mutant adenovirus. The helper virus may alternatively be a wild-type or mutant herpesvirus. Preferably, for use as facilitating agents, such viruses are mutants deleted of several normal genes so that the helper viruses and/or their expressed gene products will not cause disease in a patient.

For example, a helper adenovirus useful in this invention may express only a gene product of a single adenoviral early gene. Exposure of the ss rAAV to an Ad early gene product is sufficient to substantially enhance the formation of ds rAAV genome with a coordinate increase in transduction efficiency. The Ad early genes which are useful in producing this effect are E1, E2a, E4 and functional fragments thereof. However, as demonstrated by the examples below, adenovirus substantially enhances recombinant AAV transduction in vitro in a way that is dependent on expression of the E1 and E4 genes of adenovirus and is directly proportional to the appearance of ds replicative forms of rAAV.

One example of a helper virus is an adenovirus deleted of most of its wild-type early genes and which is capable of expressing only its E4 gene or a functional fragment thereof in the target cell. Among such functional fragments is the ORF 6 of the E4 gene. As described below in the examples, experiments in cell lines indicate that the ORF6 of the adenoviral E4 gene locus is sufficient to significantly enhance rAAV transduction. Selective expression of the E4-ORF6 product of adenovirus accomplishes an increase in transduction efficiency similar to, but somewhat attenuated, compared to that produced by exposure to the E1 and E4 gene products in combination. That is, the ORF6 product of E4 is sufficient to enhance the augmentation of rAAV transduction; but this effect is amplified substantially by E1 gene products.

Thus, more preferably, exposure of the rAAV to both the expressed E1 and E4 gene products produces a substantial enhancement of the above-described rate limiting step. Therefore, another exemplary helper virus may also contain more than one gene which, upon expression, facilitates the ss to ds conversion. An example of such a helper virus is an adenovirus which expresses both the E1 and E4 genes, or functional fragments thereof. Still other Ad genes may be expressed by the helper virus, provided that the virus is sufficiently crippled so that it does not cause disease in the patient contributing the target cells.

Where the agent which facilitates conversion of as to ds rAAV is a helper virus, the method of the invention comprises co-infecting the target cell with the rAAV and the helper virus. Such co-infection may occur in the context of ex vivo therapy, i.e., manipulations performed on cells extracted from the patient, which cells are reinserted into the patient after the method is performed. Alternatively, the patient may be directly co-infected with the two viruses by conventional means. Delivery of the two viruses to the patient may be directed to a specific organ, or to the general circulatory system. Such delivery methods are described in the art for gene therapy of, e.g., cystic fibrosis [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,846].

B. The Conversion Agent Is a Chemical, Drug or Other Entity that Can Activate rAAV Transduction

In another embodiment of the method of this invention, the conversion agent which contacts the cells infected with the rAAV may be selected from the following classes of known compounds or methods: 1) inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as hydroxyurea, hydrogen peroxide, and other direct or indirect inhibitors of DNA polymerase; 2) chemo-therapeutic agents that induce DNA damage, such as cyclophosphamide, alkylating agents, purine analogs, e.g., 6-thioguanine, etc.; 3) drugs that interfere with DNA modifying enzymes, such as inhibitors of topoisomerase, DNA ligase exonucleases and endonucleases; and 4) agents that nonspecifically enhance transcription, such as sodium butyrate, or agents that stabilize cells, such as DMSO. Also, genotoxic agents such as carcinogens may be employed as the conversion agent. Other methods of inducing disruption or damage to DNA may also be useful as agents capable of facilitating ss to ds conversion of rAAV and maybe selected by one of skill in the art, including physical methods, such as irradiation. These classes of compounds or methods are believed to result in the conversion from ss to ds rAAV.

According to this embodiment of the method of the invention, the rAAV is again produced conventionally, but not co-infected vith a helper virus. The ss rAAV is infected into the target cell, and the infected cell is contacted by the agent in an appropriate manner depending on the identity of the agent. These conversion enhancing agents can be employed in ex vivo treatment of the target cells infected by the rAAV by application directly to the cells. Such application can occur substantially simultaneously, or consecutively, with application of the rAAV gene therapy vehicle. For example, the infected target cell may be subjected to one of the above-listed compounds or drugs for a desired time period. The parameters for contacting the infected cells with the agent may readily be determined by one of skill in the art. These parameters will depend upon whether the method is performed ex vivo or in vivo. For example, the number of ex vivo infected cells to be treated will be considered for the dosage, and timing of such treatment.

Similarly, the physical status of the patient can determine the parameters of delivery of the agent to the patient in vivo. The dosage and amount of the damaging agent may therefore be adjusted by one of skill in the art. Where the agents are typical chemotherapeutic drugs approved for use in humans or animals, such enhanced conversion of rAAV may also occur in vivo by the co-administration of the agent, i.e., the chemotherapeutic drug, and the rAAV gene therapy vehicle to the patient. According to this aspect of the invention, the chemotherapeutic drug would be administered only when the rAAV is administered. Appropriate dosages and amounts of chemotherapeutic drugs and recombinant gene therapy vehicles and means for determining such amounts are within the skill of the art. However, because the effect of the chemotherapeutic drug will enhance the as to ds conversion of the rAAV and thus enhance its efficiency of transduction into the target cells, it is anticipated that lower dosages than the conventional dosages of either or both the drug and the rAAV could be effectively administered.

C. Conversion Agent May Be Part of the rAAV

In still another embodiment of this invention, a novel “second generation” rAAV may be designed to incorporate the conversion agent into the virus, so that both the transgene and the conversion agent are co-expressed in the target cell. Such a novel recombinant adeno-associated virus comprises the following components:

(a) the DNA of at least a portion of the genome of an adeno-associated virus which portion is capable of transducing at least two selected genes or functional fragments thereof into a target cell in the absence of cell division; (b) a first selected gene, i.e., the desired transgene, operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing its expression, and (c) a second selected gene, i.e., the “conversion gene” operatively linked to regulatory sequences capable of directing expression of said second gene. The “conversion gene” upon expression is capable of facilitating the conversion of the as rAAV to its ds form upon expression. The first and second genes in this rAAV are flanked by the AAV DNA, preferably the 5′ and 3′ ITRs. An embodiment of such a second generation rAAV is provided schematically in FIG. 11. Its DNA sequence is provided in SEQ ID NO: 5.

Another embodiment of such a novel rAAV may include more than one gene which upon expression has the ability to facilitate conversion of ss to ds rAAV in the target cell. For example, the novel rAAV described above may also contain an additional selected gene operatively linked to regulatory sequences capable of directing its expression, the additional gene and said second “conversion” gene described above being capable of jointly facilitating the conversion of ss rAAV to its ds form upon expression of both the second and additional genes. In this rAAV, all three genes, i.e., the transgene, the second “conversion” gene and the additional gene are flanked by the AAV DNA.

In one desirable embodiment of a novel rAAV, the AAV ITRs flank a selected transgene, and a conversion gene, which is the adenovirus E4 gene or a functional fragment thereof (e.g., the ORF6 sequence). In another embodiment, the novel recombinant expresses three genes, the transgene, the adenovirus E4 gene or a functional fragment thereof and the adenovirus E1 gene or a functional fragment thereof. The E4 and E1 gene products expressed in the target cell with the transgene, together act to facilitate conversion of the ss to ds form of rAAV.

In still another embodiment of the novel rAAV and its use, the regulatory sequences directing expression of the conversion gene, e.g., whether it be a single second gene or more than a single additional gene, may include an inducible promoter. Thus, expression of the conversion gene occurs only in the presence of an inducing agent. Many inducible promoters and companion inducing agents, e.g., steroids such as glucocorticoids, are known to the art and may be readily selected for incorporation into the rAAV and methods of this invention by one of skill in the art with resort to this description.

The method of the invention employing such “second generation” rAAVs which carry at least one “conversion gene” provides for infecting the target cell with this ss rAAV. Where the promoters directing expression of both the transgene and the conversion gene are constitutive, the infected target cell machinery will direct the expression of the transgene product and conversion gene product. Co-expression in the target cell of the transgene and the “conversion gene” facilitates the conversion of ss rAAV to ds rAAV in the cell, and increases the transduction efficiency, and perhaps stable chromosomal integration, without further method steps.

When the second generation rAAV employed in the method contains the “conversion gene(s)” under the control of inducible promoter(s), the method is slightly altered. Following infection of the target cell by the rAAV, the infected target cell is contacted with a suitable inducing agent, which triggers the inducible promoter to “turn on” production of the conversion gene product. When the inducing agent is removed or stopped, the expression of the conversion gene product is “turned off”.

As described above, any prior art rAAV containing a transgene for gene therapy may be used in at least one embodiment of the above methods. The sources, selection and assembly of the various components to generate the rAAV, including the novel rAAV described above, are now conventional and readily accessible to one of skill in this art, given the disclosure contained herein. Such methods employ conventional genetic engineering techniques [See, e.g. Sambrook et al, cited above].

The novel rAAV viruses and the methods of this invention provide efficient gene transfer vehicles for somatic gene therapy and are suitable in pharmaceutical compositions for ex vivo applications and in vivo use. When rAAV contain a therapeutic gene, e.g., in place of the LacZ transgene illustrated in the exemplary rAAV, AV.CMVLacZ, by use of the rAAV and the methods described herein, the therapeutic transgene can be delivered to a patient in vivo or ex vivo to provide for efficient transduction, and possibly stable integration, of the desired gene into the target cell. Thus, these novel rAAV and the methods described herein can be employed to correct genetic deficiencies or defects. The potential of AAV to efficiently integrate its genome into nondividing cells is currently being exploited in the development of gene therapies based on ex vivo transduction of hematopoietic stem cells. In vivo application of rAAV is primarily being developed for the treatment of CF where purified stocks of virus are instilled into the airway to transduce the terminally differentiated epithelial cells of the conducting airway. The methods and compositions described herein can be used with both types of gene therapy. Another condition suitable for such use includes transduction of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene into hepatocytes for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. One of skill in the art can generate any number of rAAV which can be used via the above methods for the treatment of these and other disorders.

For ex vivo or for in vivo therapy, the rAAV may be used to infect the target cells by suspending the virus particles in a biologically compatible solution or pharmaceutically acceptable delivery vehicle. A suitable vehicle includes sterile saline. Other aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic sterile injection solutions and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions known to be pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and well known to those of skill in the art may be employed for this purpose.

The rAAVs are administered in sufficient amounts to transfect the desired cells and provide sufficient levels of expression of the selected transgene to provide a therapeutic benefit without undue adverse, or with medically acceptable, physiological effects which can be determined by those skilled in the medical arts. Conventional and pharmaceutically acceptable routes of in vivo administration include direct delivery to the target organ, tissue or site, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, oral and other parental routes of administration. Routes of administration may be combined, if desired.

Dosages of the rAAV for the infecting step of the method will depend primarily on factors such as the therapeutic environment, i.e., ex vivo or in vivo; the condition being treated, the selected gene, the age, weight and health of the patient, and may thus vary among patients. A therapeutically effective dosage of the rAAV for ex vivo treatment will be based upon the multiplicity of infection, which is likely to range from between about 1 to about 10 transducing particles/cell. A therapeutically effective human dosage of the rAAV for in vivo infection according to the present invention is believed to be in the range of from about 20 to about 50 ml of saline solution containing concentrations of from about 1×10⁷ to 1×10¹⁰ transducing viral particles/ml virus. A preferred human dosage is about 20 ml saline solution at the above concentrations. The dosage will be adjusted to balance the therapeutic benefit against any side effects. The levels of expression of the selected gene can be monitored to determine the selection, adjustment or frequency of dosage administration.

The effective amount of the facilitating agent to be administered is within the skill of the art to determine and will depend upon the identity of the agent. Known dosages of certain of the classes of chemicals and pharmaceuticals described above may be employed in this method to damage the DNA and facilitate ss to ds conversion of the rAAV. Where the agent is a gene expressed by a helper virus, the amounts of infecting virus should be similar to those amounts described above for the rAAV. Of course, where the agent is a gene present in a second generation rAAV, the identical dosages described above for the rAAV will apply.

Several embodiments of the above-described methods of this invention were confirmed in murine models of rAAV mediated gene transfer to both lung and liver. These experiments demonstrated similarly low levels of gene transfer In vivo by rAAV, which was increased several orders of magnitude by coinfection with E1 and E4 expressing adenovirus.

In summary, experiments were conducted to demonstrate that adenovirus enhances rAAV transduction in cultured cells. During the production and characterization of a lacZ recombinant AAV generated in 293 cells that were coinfected with an E1 deleted virus, it was observed that purification of rAAV from lysates was associated with substantial loss of lacZ transducing activity when assayed on 293 cells. This drop in rAAV activity was particularly evident in the final step where residual contaminating helper adenovirus was removed by heat inactivation. LacZ transducing activity was recovered by adding adenovirus back to the purified stock of rAAV. These data provided the first indication that adenovirus could substantially enhance the transduction efficiency of rAAV.

As described in Example 10, a series of complementation groups were generated by mixing different adenovirus early gene mutants with purified LacZ rAAV, referred to as AV.CMVLacZ (see Example 2). These defined mixtures of viruses were analyzed for LacZ transduction on Hela cells (See Examples 12 and 13). An E1 deletion rAd H5.CBALP and the E4 deletion mutant dl1004 provided no significant increase in AV.CMVLacZ transduction (FIG. 5A). However, partial activity could be achieved with E1 and E4 mutants that carried less severe deletions. Both dl110 (ElB-55 kDa deleted) and dl1010 (ORF6 deleted) enhanced transduction to levels that approached those of Ad5, ts125, and d1802 in terms of the number of positive blue cells, but total β-galactosidase activity was substantially lower (FIG. 5A). These results implicate early regions E1 and E4 in the augmentation of rAAV transduction.

The experiments described below also demonstrate that the novel rAAV which incorporates as its conversion gene, an Ad gene, such as E4, can increase transduction efficiency of the rAAV in the absence of a helper virus. As described in more detail in Example 15 below, 293 cells were stably transfected with a genomic fragment of Ad5 spanning E4. This E1/E4 expressing cell line and the parent E1 expressing cell line (293) were infected with rAAV and analyzed for transduction. These experiments demonstrated the significance of the combined expression of E1 and E4(ORF6) in the adenovirus mediated augmentation of rAAV transduction.

In the presence of E1 and E4 expression, rAAV transduction was invariably accompanied by the appearance of ds RF monomers and dimers (Example 14). Importantly, the tight correlation between rAAV vector transduction and the accumulation of duplex forms could be achieved in two different experimental settings; cells infected with E1/E4 expressing adenovirus (FIGS. 8A and 8B), or complementing cell lines (FIG. 8C).

The following examples illustrate the construction and testing of the novel packaging cell lines, the E1/E4 deleted rAd of the present invention and the use thereof, improved methods and second generation recombinant AAV production for gene therapy of the present invention. These examples are illustrative only, and do not limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1 Novel E1a/E1b and E4 Expressina Packaging Cell Lines A. Construction of E4 ORF 6 Expressing Plasmids

The entire E4 region from Ads or an ORF6 minigene were subcloned into a shuttle plasmid that contained a neomycin resistance gene. Two versions of ORP6 minigene were developed that differed in the promoter element. The first used a Zn+2 inducible sheep metallothionine (MT) promoter to drive ORF 6 expression. The second used a dexamethasone-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter.

An exemplary plasmid useful for the construction of a packaging cell line of this invention is pMMTVE4ORF6. The minigene contained in this plasmid is set out in SEQ ID NO: 1, and contains a mouse mammary tumor virus promoter (MMTV) (nucleotides 1-1506 of SEQ ID NO:1) in transcriptional control of a human E4 ORF 6 gene sequence (nucleotides 1523-2408 of SEQ ID NO: 1), a growth hormone terminator (GH) (nucleotides 2409-3654 of SEQ ID NO: 1), an SV40 origin of replication, plasmid sequences from plasmid pBR322, including a neomycin resistance gene, and an ampicillin resistance gene. The amino acid sequence of ORF 6 is indicated in SEQ ID NO: 2. The various functional fragments of this plasmid may be readily replaced with other conventionally used sequences and are not critical to the design of the plasmid.

Another plasmid useful for the construction of a packaging cell line of this invention is pMTE40RF6. The DNA sequence of the minigene contained in this plasmid is similar to that of SEQ ID NO: 1, except that the promoter is a sheep metallothionine promoter (MT promoter) [M. G. Peterson et al, cited above].

A plasmid used as a control for the construction of a packaging cell line of this invention is pLTR.E4(−). This plasmid contains the endogenous constitutive retroviral MLV LTR and most of the Ad E4 gene region except that the endogenous E4 promoter and a portion of E4 ORF1 are missing. The other plasmid sequences remain the same as described above.

Still another plasmid useful for the study of the methods of this invention is pLTR.E4, which contains the constitutive MLV LTR and endogenous E4 promoter and an intact E4 gene. The other plasmid sequences remain the same as described above.

To determine whether ORF6 expression was sufficient to enhance rAAV transduction, the inducible metallothionein (MT)-0RF6 minigene was stably transfected into HeLa cells. This new cell line, HeLa(MT-ORF6) was evaluated for LacZ rAAV transduction in response to ORF6 induction as described below. The cell line 293 (MT-ORF6) expresses ORF-6 of the E4 gene of AdS from the metallothionine promoter which is relatively inactive at baseline but can be induced with divalent cations. These 293 cells were included to establish the baseline transduction efficiency.

B. Transfections and Selection of Clones

Each of the above-described plasmids was transfected by the calcium phosphate precipitation technique into the human embryonic kidney cell line 293 [ATCC CRL1573] which expresses the product of the adenovirus E1 genes, or into HeLa cells, seeded on 100 mm plates (10 μg plasaid/plate). Twenty four hours post-transfection, cells were harvested and seeded at varying dilutions (1:10-1:100) in 100 mm plates for about 10 days. Seeding media contain G418 (Geneticin, BRL) at 1 mg/ml. Resistant colonies that developed were selected using the following assays and expanded. Preliminary analysis of clones was based on enhanced transduction efficiency of a recombinant adeno-associated virus, AV.CMVLacZ, and immunofluorescence localization of Ad E4 protein as described in the following examples.

Example 2 Recombinant AAV and AV.CMBLaCZ Transduction Enhancement Assay

E1 and E4 Ad gene products are needed for recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) function. This primary assay involves seeding the packaging cell lines of Example 1 in 96 well 35 mm culture plates (2×10⁶ cells/well) and infecting the cells with purified, heat-treated AV.CMVLacZ at an MOI of 1000 virus particles/cell.

A. Preparation of Recombinant AV.CMVLacZ

A recombinant AAV virus was prepared by conventional genetic engineering techniques for the purposes of this experiment. Recombinant AAV was generated by plasmid transfections in the presence of helper adenovirus [Samulski et al, J. Virol., 63:3822-3828 (1989)]. A cis-acting plasmid pAV.CMVLacZ [SEQ ID NO: 4] (see FIG. 10) was derived from psub201 [Samulski et al, J. Virol., 61:3096-3101 (1987)] and contains an E. coli β-galactosidase minigene in place of AAV Rep and Cap genes. The 5′ to 3′ organization of the recombinant AV.CMVLacZ genome (4.9 kb) [SEQ ID NO: 4] includes

(a) the 5′ AAV ITR (bp 1-173) was obtained by PCR using pAV2 [C. A. Laughlin et al, Gene, 23: 65-73 (1983)] as template [nuc. 53-219];

(b) a CMV immediate early enhancer/promoter [Boshart et al, Cell, 41:521-530 (1985)] (nuc. 246-839);

(c) an SV40 intron (nuc. 856-987);

(d) E. coli β-galactosidase cDNA (nuc. 1039-4512);

(e) an SV40 polyadenylation signal (a 237 Ban HI-BclI restriction fragment containing the cleavage/poly-A signals from both the early and late transcription units (nuc. 4522-4719) and

(f) 3′AAV ITR, obtained from pAV2 as a SnaBI-BglII fragment (nuc. 4759-4925). All other nucleotides are plasmid derived.

Rep and Cap genes were provided by a transacting plasmid pAAV/Ad [Samulski et al, cited above].

Monolayers of 293 cells grown to 90% confluency in 150 mm culture dishes (5×10⁷ cells/plate) were infected with H5.CBALP at an MOI of 10. H5.CBALP (also called H5.010ALP) is a rAd that contains an alkaline phosphatase minigene in place of adenovirus E1a and E1b gene sequences (map units 1-9.2 of the Ad5 sequence of GenBank [Accession No. M73260]). The alkaline phosphatase cDNA is under the transcriptional control of a CMV-enhanced β-actin promoter in this virus. This helper virus is described in Goldman et al, Hum. Gene Ther., 6:839-851 (July, 1995); Engelhardt et al, Hum. Gene Ther., 5:1217-1229 (October, 1994); and references cited therein.

Infections were done in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Media (DMEM) supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 20 ml media/150 mm plate. Two hours post-infection, 50 μg plasmid DNA (37.5 μg trans-acting and 12.5 μg cis-acting) in 2.5 ml of transfection cocktail was added to each plate and evenly distributed. Transfections were calcium phosphate based as described [B. Cullen, Meth. Enzymol., 152:684-704 (1987)]. Cells were left in this condition for 10-14 hours after which the infection/transfection media was replaced with 20 ml fresh DMEM/2% FBS. Forty to fifty hours post-transfection, cells were harvested, suspended in 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0) buffer (0.5 ml/150 mm plate) and a lysate prepared by sonication. The lysate was brought to 10 mM manganese chloride, after which bovine pancreatic DNase I (20,000 units) and RNase (0.2 mg/ml final concentration) were added, and the reaction incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Sodium deoxycholate was added to a final concentration of 1% and incubated at 37° C. for an additional 10 minutes.

The treated lysate was chilled on ice for 10 minutes and solid CsCl added to a final density of 1.3 g/ml. The lysate was brought to a final volume of 60 ml with 1.3 g/ml CsCl solution in 10 N Tris-Cl (pH 8.0) and divided into three equal aliquots. Each 20 ml sample was layered onto a CsCl step gradient composed of two 9.0 ml tiers with densities 1.45 g/ml and 1.60 g/ml.

Centrifugation was performed at 25,000 rpm in a Beckman SW-28 rotor for 24 hours at 4° C. One ml fractions were collected from the bottom of the tube and analyzed on 293 or 293(E4) cells for LaCZ transduction. Fractions containing peak titers of functional AV.CMVLacZ virus were combined and subjected to three sequential rounds of equilibrium sedimentation in CsCl. Rotor selection included a Beckman NVT-90 (80,000 rpm for 4 hours) and SW-41 (35,000 rpm for 20 hours). At equilibrium, AV.CMVLacZ appeared as an opalescent band at 1.40-1.41 g/ml CsCl. Densities were calculated from refractive index measurements. Purified vector was exchanged to 20 mM HEPES buffer (pH7.8) containing 150 mM NaCl (HBS) by dialysis and stored frozen at −80° C. in the presence of 10% glycerol or as a liquid stock at −20° C. in HBS/40% glycerol.

Purified virus was tested for contaminating H5.CBALP helper virus and AV.CMVLacZ titers. Helper virus was monitored by histochemical staining for reporter alkaline phosphatase activity. A sample of purified virus representing 1.0% of the final product was added to a growing monolayer of 293 cells seeded in a 60 mm plate. Forty-eight hours later, cells were fixed in 0.5% glutaraldehyde/phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 10 minutes at room temperature, washed in PBS (3×10 minutes) and incubated at 65° C. for 40 minutes to inactivate endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity. The monolayer was allowed to cool to room temperature, rinsed once briefly in 100 m Tris-Cl (pH9.5)/100 mM NaCl/5 mM MgCl, and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes in the same buffer containing 0.33 mg/ml nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) and 0.165 mg/ml 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate p-toluidine salt (BCIP). Color development was stopped by washing the monolayer in 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8.0)/5 mM EDTA. Routinely the purification scheme described above removed all detectable H5.CBALP helper virus by the third round of buoyant density ultracentrifugation.

AV.CMVLacZ titers were measured according to genome copy number (virus particles/ml), absorbance at 260 nm (A₂₆₀ particles/ml) and LacZ Forming Units (LFU/ml). Virus particle concentrations were based on Southern blotting. Briefly, a sample of purified AV.CMVLacZ was treated with capsid digestion buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0/1.0 mM EDTA, pH 8.0/0.5% SDS/Proteinase K 1.0 mg/ml) at 50° C. for one hour to release virus DNA. The reactions were allowed to cool to room temperature, loading dye was added and electrophoresed through a 1.2% agarose gel. Standard quantities of ds AV.CMVLacZ genome were also resolved on the gel.

DNAs were electroblotted onto a nylon membrane, hybridized with a ³²P random primer labeled restriction fragment, and the resulting blot scanned on a PhosphorImager 445 SI (Molecular Dynamics). A standard curve was generated from the duplex forms and used to extrapolate the number of virus genomes in the sample. LFU titers were generated by infecting indicator cells with limiting dilutions of virus sample. Indicator cells included HeLa and 293 and 293 (E4) lines (described in Example 10 below). Twenty-four hours later, cells were fixed in glutaraldehyde and cells were histochemically stained for E. coli β-galactosidase (LacZ) activity as described in J. M. Wilson et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:3014-3018 (1988). One LFU is described as the quantity of virus that is sufficient to cause visually detectable β-galactosidase expression in one cell 24 hours post-infection.

B. Induction of ORF6 Expression

Induction of ORF6 expression with 10 μM dexamethasone or 150 μM zinc sulfate (for negative control, no inducer used) was initiated 2 hours before the addition of virus and continued throughout the duration of the experiment. Twenty-four hours after the addition of virus, cells were harvested, lysates were generated by sonication and analyzed for the β-galactosidase expression (i.e., β-galactosidase activity) and virus DNA as described above. Hirt extracts were prepared from low molecular weight DNA from cell extracts. The preparation of the Hirt extracts and subsequent analysis by Southern hybridization were performed by resort to conventional procedures known to one of skill in the art.

In the absence of the inducers, the packaging cell lines generate lower levels of β-galactosidase in rAAV infected cells. Induction of ORF6 expression with the inducer dexamethasone results in a concomitant rise in AV.CNVLaCZ cell transduction to a level that was such greater than the parent 293 line. Expression of E1 alone was insufficient to have an effect in the adenovirus mediated augmentation of rAAV transduction.

Results are demonstrated for certain positive clones in the Table I below (see Example 4). However, for 30 cell lines having an MTV promoter and ORF6 sequence, 4 demonstrated over 90% blue cells illustrative of LacZ production in the presence of dexamethasone, i.e., 293-27-6, 293-27-17, 293-27-18 and 293-27-28.

Example 3 Immunofluorescence Localization of Ad5 Late Protein

Positive clones from the assay of Example 2 were infected with the recombinant E4 deleted adenovirus H5dl1004 and screened for E4 complementation using an immunofluorescence assay for late gene expression. The H5dl1004 virus was obtained from Dr. Ketner of Johns Hopkins University and is described in Bridge. and Ketner, J. Virol., 632(2):631-638 (February 1989), incorporated by reference herein. Because ORF6 of E4 complements late Ad gene expression, specifically in the formation of the hexon and penton fibers of the adenovirus, cell lines containing ORF6 are able to bind with antibody against these proteins.

Each cell line of Example 1 is infected with E4 deleted virus H5dl1004 virus at an MOI of 0.1. The cells were treated with mouse anti-adenovirus FITC-labeled monoclonal antibody to either the hexon or penton fibers in a 1:10 dilution (Chemicon International Inc., Temecula, Calif.). Positive clones were identified by reaction with the antibody.

Example 4 Relative Plaguing Efficiency

The cell lines of Example 1, demonstrating strong complementation ability in Example 3, were screened for relative plaquing efficiency of H5dl1004 as compared to W162 cells (an E4-complementing Vero cell line which does not express E1) [Weinberg and Ketner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80(17):5383-5386 (1983)). In Table II below, RPE %, i.e., relative plaquing efficiency, represents the titer of H5dl1004 on tested cell lines/titer of H5dl1004 on W162 cells. For example, the RPE of 293 cells is 0.

The positive cell lines selected by all criteria are identified in Table I below, with the results of the assays of Examples 2, 3 and 4.

TABLE I E1/E4 Double Complementing Cell Lines Cell Trans- Pro- AV. CMV Line Gene moter IF/LP LacZ RPE % 293-10-3 ORF6 MT ++++ ++++ 246 293-39-11 ORF6 LTR ++++ +++  52 293-84-31 E4− LTR ++++ ++++ 179 293-12-31 whole LTR ++++ ++++ 174 E4 +E4 293-27-6 ORF6 MMTV +++++ 327 293-27-17 ORF6 MMTV ++++ 313 293-27-18 ORF6 MMTV +++++ 339 293-27-28 ORF6 MMTV ++++ 261

Example 5 Construction and Purification of H5.001CBLacZ

The plasmid pAd.CBLacZ was constructed as described in detail in K. Kozarsky et al, Som. Cell Mol. Genet., 19(5):449-458 (1993), incorporated by reference herein. This plasmid contained a minigene comprising a 5′ flanking NheI restriction site, followed by Ad5 sequence m.u. 0-1, followed by an E1 deletion into which is inserted a CMV enhancer/chicken β-actin promoter sequence [T. A. Kost et al, Nucl. Acids Res., 11(23):8287 (1983)], which controls the transcription of the following bacterial β-galactosidase, followed by a poly A sequence and flanked 3′ by Ad m.u. 9-16, and another NheI site. In the plasmid, the minigene was flanked on both sides by plasmid sequence containing drug resistance markers.

The plasmid pAd.CBLacZ was linearized with NheI and co-transfected by the calcium phosphate co-transfection method into the novel packaging cell line of Example 1 with ClaI digested H5dl1004 (an Ad5 sequence deleted of from about map unit 92.1 through map unit 98, corresponding to substantially the entire E4 gene).

Homologous recombination occurs in the cell line between these two viral constructs between Ad map units 9-16, resulting in rAd, designated H5.001CBLacZ [SEQ ID NO: 3] (FIG. 2). This rAd contains the sequence from pAd.CBLacZ (including Ad map units 0-1 (nuc. 1-330); CMV enhancer/chicken β-actin promoter (CB) (nucs. 370-928); E. coli β-galactosidase (nucs. 945-4429); the polyA (nuc. 4429-4628); and AdS map units 9-92.1 and 97.3 to 100 from H5dl1004 (nucs. 4671-35408)). This rAd is thereby functionally deleted, and substantially structurally deleted, of the Ad E1 and E4 genes.

Viral plaques were selected and screened by the β-galactosidase assay (Wilson (1988), cited above] and H5.001CBLacZ was isolated following three rounds of plaque purification. The purified virus was also subjected to cesium chloride density centrifugation and large scale production.

For the following mouse experiments, virus was used after column purification and glycerol was added to a final concentration of 10% (v/v). Virus was stored at −70° C. until use.

Example 6 Growth Kinetics of H5.001CBLacZ in Packaging Cell Lines

The cell lines identified in Table I were infected with recombinant H5.001CBLacZ at an MOI of 0.5. The growth kinetics of this virus in the E4 complementing cell lines are shown in FIG. 3. Maximum viral yield is reported as LFU/ml in Table II below.

TABLE II Maximum Cell Line Viral Yield 293-10-3 2.8 × 10¹⁰ 293-39-11 9.5 × 10⁸ 293-84-31 1.1 × 10⁹ 293-12-31 4.5 × 10⁸ 293-27-6 2.8 × 10¹⁰ 293-27-17 2.5 × 10¹⁰ 293-27-18 2.9 × 10¹⁰ 293-27-28 1.2 × 10¹⁰

When grown in 293-27-18 cells (the E4 ORF6 cell line with MMTV promoter inducible by dexamethasone) the maximum yield of this virus is 2.9×10¹⁰ LFU/ml. Several of the cell lines were passaged between 5 and 20 times and the viral production of the passages remained stable. However, RPE did fall following repeated passages of cells.

Example 7 Other Recombinant Adenoviruses

Other related rAds were prepared similarly to H5.001CBLacZ by homologous recombination between pAdCBLacZ and other helper viruses.

As one example, H5.000CBLacZ is a recombinant E1 deleted Ad5 which contains the same minigene as H5.001CBLacZ, but has an intact E4 gene. This rAd was prepared as described by homologous recombination between pAdCBLacZ and a wild-type Ad5.

As another example, H5.010CBLacZ contains the adenovirus map units 0-1, followed by a CMV enhanced, chicken cytoplasmic β-actin promoter, the E. coli β-galactosidase gene (lacZ), a polyadenylation signal (pA), and adenovirus type 5 map units 9-100, with a small deletion in the E3 gene (the Ad 5 sub360 backbone). This rAd may be prepared by homologous recombination between the pAdCBLacZ vector and Ad5 virus sub360, which contains a 150 bp deletion within the 14.6 kD protein of the E3 gene. See, e.g., J. F. Engelhardt et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA, 21:6196-6200 (June 1994); and Engelhardt et al, Hum. Gene Ther., 5:1217-1229 (October 1994), both incorporated by reference herein.

These rAds were isolated following transfection [Graham, Virol., 52:456-467 (1974)], and were subjected to two rounds of plaque purification. Lysates were purified by cesium chloride density centrifugation as previously described [Englehardt et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:11192-11196 (1991)]. Cesium chloride was removed by passing the virus over a BioRad DG10 column using phosphate-buffered saline.

Example 8 LacZ Gene Transfer into Mouse A. Transfer into Mouse Muscle

Five to six-week old male C57B/6 mice were anesthetized. Anterior tibialis muscles were exposed and directly injected with either rAd H5.000CBLaCZ, H5.010CBLacZ or H5.001CBLacZ as follows: 25 μL of purified viral suspension at a stock concentration of 5×10¹¹ virus particles/mL was injected by inserting the tip of the 33 gauge needle of a 100 μL Hamilton syringe into the belly of the muscle.

Animals were sacrificed on day 4, 14, 28 and 60 post injection. The muscles were dissected and frozen in liquid nitrogen cooled isopentane. Six μM sections were cut in a cryostat, fixed and stained for β-galactosidase activity for 6 hours at 37° C.

While the blue stained rAd was found for each virus in the day 4 and day 14 (most abundant) stains, by day 28, the H5.001CBLacZ clearly demonstrated more virus on day 28. By day 60, the only virus which stained positive was the H5.001CBLacZ.

B. Transfer into Mouse Lung and Circulation

RAd H5.001CBLacZ (control), and H5.001CBLacZ (1×10¹¹ viral particles) were administered to six week old C57BL/6 female mice by tail vein injection and trachea installation. The animals were sacrificed and their liver and lung tissues were harvested at days 4, 9, 21, 28 and 35 post-administration. The transgene and viral late gene expression were compared.

At therapeutic doses of virus, there was diminished expression of late viral proteins at all time points in comparison with transgene.

C. Dose Responses in Liver

Dose responses of E4-deleted and E4 intact rAds in the liver of C57BL/6 mice were studied by tail vein administration of 1.5×10¹¹, 5×10¹⁰, 1.7×10¹⁰, 5.6×10⁹, and 1.9×10⁹ viral particles and comparing the transgene and viral late gene expression at day 4, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post administration.

At therapeutic doses of virus, there was diminished expression of late viral proteins at all time points in comparison with transgene.

Example 9 Other Gene Transfers A. Human OTC Gene Transfer

The human OTC gene [A. L. Horwich et al, Science, 224:1068-174 (1984)] or the human CFTR gene [Riordan et al, Science, 245:1066-1073 (1989)) was used to replace the LacZ as the transgene in the recombinant E1/E4 deleted adenoviruses described above, using the techniques analogous for the construction of the above-described LacZ vectors.

The resulting human OTC-containing rAd were administered at an MOI of 10 to 30 to human hepatocytes. The E1/E4 deleted rAd demonstrated less replication and less late gene expression than when the E1/E4 deleted rAds are administered to muscle, as described in the example above. However, the results of this gene transfer are better than comparable transfers with rAds containing only a deletion in the E1 gene or a deletion in the E1 gene and a point mutation in the E2a gene.

Similar results are demonstrated when the transgene is CFTR and the method of administration is intratracheal into lungs.

Example 10 Transduction Efficiency of rAAV LacZ AV.CMVLacZ) in HeLa Cells Infected with Ad Mutants A. Viruses

The following viruses were employed in this experiment:

(1) Wild-type Ad 5, propagated in 293 cells;

(2) Ad dlllo (an Ad which is deleted of the 55 kb E1B gene) [Babiss et al, J. Virol., 52(2):389-395 (1984) and Babiss and Ginsberg, J. Virol., 50(1):202-212 (1984)], propagated in 293 cells,

(3) H5.CBALP (an Ad deleted of its E1A and E1B genes and containing a minigene that expresses alkaline phosphatase from a CMV enhanced β-actin promoter, as described above), propagated in 293 cells,

(4) Ad ts125 (an Ad with a temperature sensitive mutation in the E2A gene which encodes the DNA binding protein) [Ensinger and Ginsberg, J. Virol., 10(3):328-339 (1972)], propagated in 293 cells,

(5) Ad d1802 (an Ad deleted of its E2a gene), grown in E2A-complementing gmDBP cells as described in Rice and Klessig, J. Virol., 56(3):767-778 (1985);

(6) Ad dl1004 (an Ad deleted of the E4 gene), grown in E4-complementing Vero W162 cells [Weinberg and Ketner, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA, 80(17):5383-5386 (1983)] and

(7) Ad dl1010 (an Ad deleted of ORF6 of its E4 gene), grown in E4-complementing Vero W162 cells [Weinberg and Ketner, cited above].

All viruses were purified by two sequential rounds of buoyant density ultracentrifugation in CsCl.

B. Experimental Procedures

HeLa cells seeded in 6 well, 36 mm culture plates (2×10⁶ cells/well) were infected with wild-type Ad5 or an adenovirus early gene mutant as described in Part A at an MOI of 10 pfu/well. Infections were done in 1.0 ml DMEM/2%FBS. Six hours post-infection, monolayers were washed and 1.0 ml fresh DMEM/2% FBS media containing AV.CMVLacZ at 4×10⁹ virus particles/ml were added. Although the AV.CMVLacZ virus lot used in these experiments was shown to be free of H5.CLALP helper virus by histochemical staining, the virus sample was subjected to heat treatment (60° C. for 20 minutes) prior to use to ensure the absence of contaminating adenovirus. Two hours later, 1.0 ml of DMEM/115% FBS was added to each well.

Twenty-four hours after the addition of AV.CVLacZ, cells were harvested. Each test condition was done in triplicate to enable virus transduction to be evaluated in terms of three outputs: histochemical staining for β-galactosidase activity (below), intracellular β-galactosidase specific activity (Example 11), and the molecular form of the virus DNA (Example 12).

HeLa cells were histochemically stained for E. coli β-galactosidase (LacZ) activity as described in J. M. Wilson et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:3014-3018 (1988). The different combinations that were tested included cells transfected with AAV vector alone (AV.CMVLacZ), vector plus wild-type Ads (+Ad5), vector plus dl110 (+dl110), vector plus Ad mutant H5.CBALP (+H5.CBALP), vector plus Ad mutant ts125 (+ts125), vector plus Ad mutant d1802 (+d1802), vector plus Ad mutant dl1004 (+dl1004), and vector plus Ad mutant dl1010 (+dl1010).

The results were observed in photomicrographs at magnification 10X (not pictured) of histochemical stains for recombinant β-galactosidase activity. The results indicated that wild-type AdS and the E2a mutants ts125 and d1802 caused a significant increase in LacZ rAAV transduction as measured by the number of positive blue cells and the degree of stain intensity. Both dl110 (E1B-55 kDa) and dl1010 (ORF6) enhanced transduction to levels that approached those of Ads, ts125, and d1802 in terms of the number of positive blue cells.

The E1 deletion recombinant H5.CBALP provided no significant increase in AV.CMVLacZ transduction. Expression of E1 alone was insufficient to have an effect in the adenovirus mediated augmentation of rAAV transduction as evidenced by lack of significant increase in transduction obtained with HeLa cells infected with the E4 deletion mutant dl1004. A significant drop in transduction occurred following removal of ORF6 from the E4 region from the coinfecting adenovirus (FIG. 5A).

It is believed that these results demonstrate that the adenoviral gene products, E4 and E1 indirectly promote the formation of ds DNA intermediates that are transcriptionally active.

Example 11 Quantitation of Enhanced Vector Transduction

(A) A duplicate set of HeLa cells as described in Example 10B were used in this experiment. Twenty-four hours after the addition of AV.CMVLacZ recombinant, for intracellular β-galactosidase assays, cell pellets were suspended in 0.5 ml PBS and sonicated. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation (15,000Xg for 10 minutes) and the clarified extract assayed for total protein [M. Bradford, Anal. Biochem., 72(1-2):248-254 (1976) and M. Bradford et al, Fed. Proc., 35(3):274 (1976)] and β-galactosidase activity [Sambrook et al, cited above] using o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) as substrate.

FIG. 5A demonstrates the transduction efficiency quantitated by measuring β-galactosidase enzyme activity in the lysates from infected Hela cells and also assayed for total protein. In FIG. 5A, the test condition is shown along the horizontal axis, and intracellular β-galactosidase specific activity (milliunits/mg protein) using ONPG as substrate is plotted on the vertical axis. Below each bar, the fold-induction in specific activity relative to cells that received the AV.CMVLacZ vector alone is given.

The results of FIG. 5A demonstrate that the E2a mutants ts125 and d1802 produced 134-fold and 225-fold increases in β-galactosidase activity, respectively, as compared to that achieved with purified rAAV alone. In comparison, cells infected with wt Ad5 generated 107-fold increase in β-galactosidase activity.

(B) In another experiment, HeLa cells (2×10⁶) were infected with increasing multiplicities of wild-type Ad5 or the E2 mutant d1802. Six hours post-infection, monolayers were washed and infected with AV.CMVLacZ at 1000 virus particles/cell. Twenty-four hours after the addition of AV.CMVLacZ, cells were harvested and assayed for total protein and β-galactosidase activity.

The results are illustrated in the bar graph of FIG. 5B, in which adenovirus MOI's are given along the horizontal axis, and intracellular β-galactosidase specific activity along the vertical axis. Enhancement of rAAV transduction was proportional to input helper adenovirus from MOIs of 1 to 50 for both wild type Ad5 and d1802. Higher doses of virus were cytopathic, leading to a fall in β-galactosidase expression. Enhanced transduction was achieved when the cells were infected prior to, or at the time of, rAAV infection. The E1 deletion recombinant H5.CBALP and the E4 deletion mutant dl1004 provided no significant increase in AV.CMVLaCZ transduction. Both cells infected with dl1110 (E1B-55 kDa) and with dl1010 (ORF6) demonstrated substantially lower total β-galactosidase activity than those infected with Ad5, ts125, or d1802.

Example 12 Analysis of Low Molecular Weight DNAs in AV.CMVLacZ Transduced Cells

Studies with these early gene mutants of adenovirus suggested that expression of adenoviral genes rather than the virion itself was responsible for enhancement of rAAV transduction. To further investigate these mechanisms and to determine if conversion of ss to ds genome limits the transduction efficiency of rAAV, the molecular state of the rAAV genome was characterized in the infected cells. The relationship between RFm formation and lacZ rAAV transduction was explored in experiments where the dose of coinfecting virus was varied (MOI=1, 5, or 10).

(A) A duplicate set of HeLa monolayers as described in Example 10 were harvested 24 hours after they were transduced with the recombinant AV.CMVLacZ and cultured with or without helper adenovirus.

Episomal DNA was extracted from cell pellets using a modification of the procedure originally described by B. Hirt, J. Mol. Biol., 26:365-369 (1967). Briefly, cells were suspended in 320 ml Tris-Cl (pH8.0)/10 mM EDTA and SDS added to a final concentration of 1%. The mixture was incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Pronase and proteinase X were added to final concentrations of 500 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml, respectively, and the reaction incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours. Sodium chloride was added to a final concentration of 1.1 M and incubated at 4° C. overnight. The precipitate that developed during the 4° C. incubation was pelleted at 20,000 xg for 30 minutes and the clear supernatant carefully removed. The supernatant was extracted once with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) followed by chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1). Nucleic acids were precipitated with ethanol. The final pellet was suspended in 50 ml Tris-Cl (pH 8.0)/1.0 mM EDTA.

These Hirt extracts were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. Samples (5 μl) of each Hirt extract were resolved through a 1.2% agarose gel, electroblotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with a ³²P random primer labeled cDNA of the SV40 polyA signal used in AV.CMVLacZ.

An autoradiogram of the experiment of Example 12 (not pictured), identifies and labels bands corresponding to the ss AV.CMVLacZ genome (SS), a monomer replicative form (RFm), and concatomer replicative forms (RFd). Bands corresponding to the ss AV.CMVLacZ genome (SS), a monomer replicative form (RFm), and concatomer replicative forms (RFd) were identified and labeled. To reference the RFm band, a plasmid carrying AV.CNVLacZ was digested to release the entire genome. Autoradiogram exposure times were 14 hours and 69 hours.

In this autoradiogram, the full spectrum of molecular species present during a lytic infection was demonstrated in cells infected with both LacZ rAAV and wild type adenovirus. Both the input ss genome (SS) and monomeric and dimeric forms of ds replicative intermediates (RFm and RFd) are present. This contrasts with cells infected with purified rAAV alone, where ss genome is the sole molecular form detected. Analysis of cells coinfected with the adenovirus early gene mutants revealed a direct correlation between formation of ds forms of the rAAV genome and the enhancement of LacZ transduction. Mutant adenoviruses that were ineffective in enhancing rAAV transduction (i.e., the E1 deleted mutant H5.CBALP and the E4 deleted mutant dl1004) failed to promote the formation of ds forms of AAV.

Cells infected with adenovirus deleted of E2a (d1802) or partially deleted of E1 (dl110) or E4 (dl1010) additionally demonstrated a band whose size was identical to the ds replicative monomer (RFm) of the lacZ rAAV genome and whose abundance correlated directly with the expression of β-galactosidase activity (compare results of Example 14 to these described results). Slower migrating concatomers, likely diners, of duplex rAAV were also detected in the autoradiogram described above.

In the presence of E1 and E4 expression, rAd transduction was invariably accompanied by the appearance of ds RP monomers and dimers.

The high molecular weight band in sample lane +H5.CBALP is helper virus DNA. Helper virus DNA is recognized by the SV40 probe because the CBALP minigene also utilizes the SV40 polyA signal.

(B) In another experiment, HeLa cells were infected with wt Ad5 or the E2 deleted mutant d1802 as described in Example 10B. Monolayers were harvested 24 hours later and analyzed for β-galactosidase activity and RFm synthesis. Monomer bands similar to those shown in the autoradiogram described above were quantitated on a PhosphorImager 445 SI and assigned values (CPM).

The results are illustrated in the graphs of FIGS. 8A and 8B, in which β-galactosidase specific activity and CPM are plotted along the vertical axis of each figure. Adenovirus MOI's are given on the horizontal axis of each figure. Data obtained from low MOI infections (1, 5, and 10) are shown. Importantly, the tight correlation between rAAV vector transduction and the accumulation of duplex forms could be achieved in cells infected with E1/E4 expressing adenovirus. The level of β-galactosidase and abundance of RFm increased in proportion to the amount of infecting wild type Ad (FIG. 6A) and d1802 (FIG. 6B). These data suggest that synthesis of an episomal duplex intermediate is an obligatory event in transduction.

Example 13 Duplex End-Analysis

The following is a description of a model for leading strand synthesis of a complementary AAV strand in the presence of Rep (+Rep) or absence of Rep (−Rep). Refer to FIGS. 7A-7F. Rep expresses a terminal resolution activity that can convert a duplex structure with closed-ends to an open-ended duplex. In the absence of Rep, terminal resolution is impaired leaving the covalently closed, hairpin structures intact. Under these conditions, hairpins are expected to be found leftward and rightward, since both strands of a rescued ds AAV genome are packaged into virions. FIGS. 7B-7F are a flow chart demonstrating the strategy for identifying the terminal structure of duplex RFm that is synthesized from ss AV.CNVLaCZ in response to adenoviral gene expression.

FIG. 7C illustrates a closed end and an open end fragment of rAV.CMVLacZ. FIGS. 7D, 7E and 7F indicate the mixture of open-ended and covalently closed duplex fragments generated by NotI digestion at position 4509 in the absence of terminal resolution. The NotI 4509 digestion provides a convenient means of releasing a 361 bp fragment that contains the right ITR in the context of a hybridization target (i.e. SV40 pA). In the presence of terminal resolution, only the open-ended 361 bp fragment would be expected to be generated (FIG. 7D) by such digestion.

The resulting electrophoretic gel (not pictured), revealed in lane (1) the results of digestion of a plasmid carrying an AV.CMVLacZ cDNA to release the rAAV vector and subsequent digestion with NotI to release the right terminal 361 bp fragment. In lane (2) a sample of NotI digested Hirt DNA extracted from HeLa cells infected with wild-type Ad5 and transduced with AV.CMVLaCZ resulted in the release of two fragments, labeled FormI and FormlI. (See, also, FIGS. 8A and 8B). The migration of ss AV.CMVLacZ (SS) and RPm were also seen.

The ds AV.CMVLacZ intermediates that accumulated in calls infected with adenovirus were likely the result of leading strand DNA synthesis, initiating from the duplex region of the vector ITR. In the absence of Rep, this conversion event was anticipated to generate molecules in which one end is open and the other is covalently closed (FIG. 7A). To further characterize the structure of this ds intermediate Hirt extracts from cells coinfected with rAV.CMBLacZ and Ad5 were digested with NotI to release the termini of the ds intermediate which, if left open, would be approximately 361 bp in length. The resulting filters were hybridized with a probe specific for the SV40 polyadenylation signal positioned immediately upstream of the rightward ITR. At least two forms were released from the right end of duplex genomes, one that migrated to a position in the gel that predicted an open-ended conformation (Form II), and a second slower migrating species (Form I). Although this result was consistent with the model (FIGS. 7A-7F), it was difficult to predict with certainty the structure of Form I. Its retarded mobility did, however, suggest a conformation that differed from the open-ended Form II.

Example 14 Analysis of AV.CMVLacZ Transduction Efficiency in 293 Cells Stably Transfected with an Inducible E4 ORF6 cDNA

Cell lines used in this assay were prepared as described in Example 1. 293(MT-ORF6) cells and HeLa(MT-ORF6) cells were seeded in 6 well 35 mm culture plates (2×10⁶ cells/well) and infected with purified, heat-treated AV.CMVLacZ at an MOI of 1000 virus particles/cell. Induction of ORF6 expression with from none to increasing concentrations of zinc sulfate was initiated 2 hours before the addition of virus and continued throughout the duration of the experiment.

Twenty-four hours after the addition of virus, cells were harvested, lysates were generated by sonication and analyzed for the β-galactosidase expression (i.e., β-galactosidase activity) and virus DNA as described in the preceding examples. Hirt extracts were prepared from low molecular weight DNA from cell extracts. The preparation of the Hirt extracts and subsequent analysis by Southern hybridization were performed similarly to those described in the examples above.

The results of this experiment were as follows:

(1) Specific Activity

The results are illustrated in the bar graph of FIG. 8A. Specific activity (milliunits β-galactosidase/mg protein) is plotted along the vertical axis. Below each bar is given the concentration of zinc used for induction, the fold-induction relative to 293 cells, and the fold-induction relative to 293(ORF6) cells maintained in the absence of zinc. As shown in FIG. 8A, in the absence of Zn+2, the 293(MT-ORF6) cell line generated 39-fold higher levels of β-galactosidase in rAAV infected 293 cells. Induction of ORF6 expression with increasing amounts of Zn⁺² resulted in a concomitant rise in AV.CMVLacZ cell transduction to a level that was 445-fold greater than the parent 293 line. Expression of E1 alone was insufficient to have an effect in the adenovirus mediated augmentation of rAAV transduction.

The specific activity of β-galactosidase was 196.2 mUnits/mg in E1/E4 expressing 293 cells, compared to 1.0 mUnit/mg in 293 cells that only expressed E1 genes. These experiments support a mechanism for enhancing rAAV transduction that is dependent on the combined expression of both E1 and E4 adenoviral genes.

(2) Molecular Analysis of the AV.CMVLacZ

Genome

The duplex monomer replicative form (RFm) was quantitated and the values (CPM) plotted along the vertical axis in the bar graph of FIG. 8B. The concentration of zinc used for induction and the fold-induction relative to 293(ORF6) cells maintained in 0 mM zinc is given below each bar.

An autoradiogram (not pictured) shows the agarose gel resolved Hirt extracts from the AV.CMVLaCZ transduced cells described above. A plasmid carrying the AV.CMVLacZ cDNA was digested to release the entire sequence and loaded in a lane of the autoradiogram. The band that appeared in this lane therefore reflected the migration of a monomer duplex replicative form (RFm). The migration of the ss AV.CMVLacZ genome (SS), RFm, and dimers of the duplex replicative form (RFd) were also shown. Lanes of the autoradiogram labeled (0), (50), (100), (150), (200), and (250) contained samples from 293(MT-ORF6) cells that were induced with the indicated concentration of zinc. A Hirt extract from 293 cells (lane labeled 293) transduced with AV.CMVLacZ was also shown.

Analysis of Hirt extracts revealed the presence of the RFm in the rAAV infected 293(MT-ORF6) cells that was not present in similarly infected 293 cells. When the induction profiles (FIGS. 8A and 8B) that describe AV.CMVLacZ transduction efficiency were compared, the results were plotted in FIG. 8C. Specific activity (milliunits β-galactosidase/mg protein) data from FIG. 8A and counts-per-minute data (CPM) of AV.CKVLaCZ RFm from FIG. 8B are plotted along the vertical axis, and concentration of zinc sulfate used during the experiment is shown along the horizontal axis.

The two profiles are near mirror images. Importantly, the RFm increased in proportion to the increment in lacZ transducing activity that occurred as ORF-6 expression was induced with Zn⁺² (FIG. 8C). Similar results were obtained with a 293 derived cell line that expresses ORF6 from the glucocorticoid responsive MTv promoter.

Example 15 Enhanced AV.CMVLacZ Transduction in HeLa Cells Carrying an Inducible ORF6 Minigene

HeLa(MT-ORF6) cells (2×10⁶) were transduced at an MOI of 1,000 AV.CMVLacZ recombinant particles/cell in absence of zinc sulfate inducer or in the presence of 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 μM zinc sulfate inducer in the media during transduction. Twenty-four hours later, cells were harvested, cell extracts were prepared by sonication, and analyzed for transgene expression (i.e., β-galactosidase activity). Cell monolayers were histochemically stained for β-galactosidase activity.

The resulting photomicrographs (not pictured) illustrated that histochemical staining revealed an increase in the number of cells scored lacZ positive as the concentration of Zn⁺² in the medium was raised from 0 to 200 mM. Concentrations of 250 mM zinc were found to be toxic to the cells.

Specific activity (milliunits β-galactosidase/mg protein) is plotted in FIG. 9 along the vertical axis. Below each bar is given the concentration of zinc used for induction, the fold-induction relative to HeLa cells, and the fold-induction relative to HeLa(Mt-ORF6) cells maintained in the absence of zinc. Histochemical staining revealed an increase in the amount of β-galactosidase in lysates as the concentration of Zn⁺² in the medium was raised from 0 to 200 mM.

Example 16 Southern Blot Analysis of Low Molecular Weight DNAs from AV.CMVLacZ Transduced HeLa(MT-ORF6) Cells Following Induction of E4ORF6

Hirt extracts were prepared from HeLa(MT-ORF6) cells transduced with AV.CMVLacZ as described in Example 15 in the presence of increasing concentrations of Zn⁺² to determine whether synthesis of duplex intermediates contributed to the augmentation in AV.CNVLacZ transduction.

Samples of HeLa(MT-ORF6) cells that were induced with a concentration of zinc sulfate (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250) were resolved on a 1.2% agarose Southern gel (not pictured), transferred to a nylon membrane, and hybridized with a LacZ-specific probe. One lane contained a plasmid encoding AV.CMVLacZ that was digested to release the entire genome. Bands corresponding to the ss AV.CMVLacZ genome (SS), duplex monomers (RFm), and duplex dimers (RFd) were indicated on the gel.

Southern analysis indicated that Hela and uninduced Hela(MT-ORF6) cells demonstrated a single band on Southern blots which comigrated with the ss genome. Induction of ORF-6 resulted in the appearance of detectable levels of ds monomer but only at higher concentrations of Zn+2. A band comigrating with the RFd was present in all cell preparations, the relevance of which is unclear since the monomer is a likely precursor to the dimer.

Example 17 Effect of Adenovirus Infection on In Vivo AV.CMVLacZ Taraeting Efficiency To Murine Liver

The impact of adenoviral gene expression on rAAV transduction in murine liver was studied by sequentially infusing into the portal vein early gene mutants of adenovirus followed by rAAV.

Balb/c mice, 4- to 6-weeks old (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me.] were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (70 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). For liver studies, a 1 cm left flank incision was made and the spleen exposed.

Samples of purified, heat-treated AV.CNVLacZ in 50 μl HBS (1×10¹¹ virus particles) were used alone or spiked with helper adenovirus containing 2×10¹⁰ A₂₆₀ particles of purified dl1004, H5.CBALP, or ts125 in a final volume of 50 μl. The dose of adenovirus was sufficient to transduce >25% of hepatocytes. The virus mixture was injected just beneath the splenic capsule and the abdomen was closed with 3-0 vicryl.

Necropsies were performed 3 days post-infusion and tissue frozen in O.C.T. embedding compound. Frozen sections (6 μm) (LacZ+ALP) were prepared and histochemically stained for β-galactosidase enzyme and alkaline phosphatase activity. Sections were counterstained with neutral red and mounted.

A β-galactosidase positive hepatocyte targeted with AV.CMVLacZ at magnification 20X was obtained. Histochemical analyses of liver tissue harvested 3 days after gene transfer demonstrated that administration of 10¹¹ particles of purified rAV.CMVLacZ alone into the portal vein was not associated with appreciable gene transfer (<0.01% of cells), confirming the inherent inefficiency of the rAAV system.

Preinfusion with E4 deleted virus had no impact on rAAV transduction in mouse liver, whereas E1 deleted virus demonstrated a modest increment in lacZ positive hepatocytes to about 0.1%. The most significant increase in rAAV transduction occurred following infusion of the E2a adenovirus mutant ts125 with lacZ expression detected in 10-25% of hepatocytes. A direct relationship between adenovirus gene expression and rAAV transduction was demonstrated in animals infused with both lacZ rAAV and the ALP expressing E1 deleted virus. The dose of adenovirus was reduced 10-fold to minimize the coincidental occurrence of coinfection. Histochemical studies demonstrated co-localization of ALP and β-galactosidase in the majority of β-galactosidase expressing hepatocytes.

Example 18 Effect of Adenovirus Infection on In Vivo AV.CMVLacZ Targeting Efficiency To Murine Lung

Experiments described in Example 17 for mouse liver were adapted for the study of rAAV mediated gene transfer to mouse lung. For lung experiments, anesthetized Balb/C animals were intubated as described in DeMatteo et al, Transplantation (Baltimore), 59(5):787-789 (1995). Briefly, a midline 2 cm skin incision was made in the neck to expose the trachea. A 2 inch 18 gauge angiocatheter was passed through the mouth, positioned in the midportion of the trachea, and connected to a rodent ventilator (#55-3438 Harvard). Polyethylene (PE#10, Intramedic) was fed through the catheter via a side port and advanced beyond the tracheal bifurcation. Using a Hamilton syringe, virus samples (30 μl) were slowly infused into the lung through the polyethylene tubing. Samples contained the same formulation of purified, heat-treated AV.CMVLacZ with or without helper adenovirus, as described for liver injections.

Tissue was harvested 72 hours post-infusion. Frozen sections were histochemically stained for β-galactosidase activity and counterstained with neutral red.

Frozen sections from lung (AV.CMVLacZ) showed a β-galactosidase positive airway epithelial cell targeted with AV.CMVLaCZ. Similar studies were performed in the murine model of lung-directed gene transfer. Adenoviruses were instilled into the trachea prior to the instillation of rAAV. Analysis of lung tissue 3 days later revealed only a rare β-galactosidase positive cell in animals instilled with rAAV alone. No detectable enhancement of rAAV transduction was noted in animals preinstilled with adenovirus deleted of either E1 or E4. Substantial enhancement of transduction was achieved in conducting airway and alveolar cells of animals administered the E2a mutant adenovirus.

These experiments in murine models of gene therapy directed to liver and lung verified that the efficiency of rAAV transduction is low due limited conversion of the input ss genome to a transcriptionally active ds intermediate, and that this conversion is facilitated by expression of adenovirus E1 and E4 gene products.

Example 19 Second Generation rAAV with Regulated Minigene Capable of Enhancing Transduction

The experiments described in previous examples illustrated the following principles: 1) purified rAAV is a relatively inefficient gene transfer vehicle in vitro and in vivo and 2) the rate limiting step in transduction is not viral entry but rather conversion of the virion's ss DNA genome to a transcriptionally active ds DNA genome. Adenovirus can substantially enhance transduction through expression of a subset of its genes. It does this by promoting conversion of the virion's genome to its ds form. One approach to accomplish this is to incorporate into the recombinant AAV genome a minigene that expresses the minimal adenoviral genes necessary to enhance transduction, i.e., the ORF6 region of E4.

Two approaches have been considered in designing this modified rAAV. The first strategy is based on a rAAV genome that has two transcriptional units in series, one expressing the therapeutic gene and the other expressing its E4 ORF6 from a constitutive promoter. While this may, in fact, be useful in many situations, constitutive expression of ORF6 may be detrimental to the cell and potentially could elicit a destructive immune response.

The second version of this rAAV includes the therapeutic minigene in addition to the ORF6 transcriptional unit which, in this case, is expressed from an inducible promoter. When this second gene rAAV is administered to the cells (ex vivo strategies) or to the patient (in vivo strategies), the inducing agents are administered at the time of gene transfer or soon thereafter. If the ds genomic form or its integrated derivative is stable, the induction of ORF6 will only be necessary at the time of gene transfer into the recipient cell. Following this, its inducing agent will be withdrawn and the ORF6 gene will be turned off.

An rAAV that illustrates this concept of inducible ORF6 has been constructed and tested in vitro. A schematic of the vector pAV.CMVALP.GRE-ORF6, is shown in FIG. 11 and its sequence is illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 5. This second generation construct contains flanking 5′ and 3′ AAV ITR sequences. The human placental alkaline phosphatase cDNA (ALP) is included in a minigene in which the promoter from the immediate early gene of cytomegalovirus drives the transcription. A second transcriptional unit is cloned between the ITRs in series and in direct orientation with the alkaline phosphatase minigene. The second transcriptional unit expresses the Ad5-E4-ORF6 from a glucocorticoid dependent promoter (GRE) with an SV40 polyadenylation signal. This is called a second generation rAAV construct.

Specifically, pAV.CMVALP.GRE-ORF6 [SEQ ID NO: 5] generates a novel rAAV containing the LaCZ transgene and the Ad E4 ORF 6 which facilitates ss to ds conversion of rAAV. The plasmid includes a flanking AAV 5′ ITR sequence (nucs. 53-219); CKV enhancer/promoter (nucs. 255-848); human placenta alkaline phosphatase cDNA (ALP) (nucs. 914-2892); SV40 polyA (nucs. 2893-3090); GRE promoter (nucs. 3114-3393); Ads E4-ORF6 cDNA (nucs. 3402-4286); SV40 polyA (nucs. 4315-4512); and 3′ AAV ITR (nucs. 4547-4713). All other nucleotides are plasmid derived.

The second generation rAAV construct was used to produce and purify rAAV virions which were exposed to HeLa cells that were left untreated or incubated with dexamethasone. In the absence of dexamethasone, (a condition under which little ORF6 should be expressed), little transduction was observed as measured by expression of the alkaline phosphatase gene. Cells incubated in dexamethasone expressed in ORF6 gene and the transduction efficacy was enhanced at least 5-fold. This provides evidence to support that a gene product expressed from the rAAV can function in cis to enhance expression of the transgene.

Example 20 Application to Bone Marrow Directed Gene Therapy

Bone marrow directed gene therapy represents the paradigm of ex vivo gene therapy where the target cell is the hematopoietic stem cell. The basic strategy is to incorporate (i.e., integrate) a therapeutic minigene into the chromosomal DNA of hematopoietic stem cells which are transplanted into a recipient patient whose own bone marrow has been ablated allowing repopulation of its lymphohematopoietic system with progeny of the genetically corrected stem cell.

The problem with this approach has been efficiently transfecting genes into stem cells. Most studies of bone marrow directed gene therapy have utilized recombinant retroviruses which have not been very efficient. One problem is that retroviruses integrate their provirus only when the target cell is dividing. Unfortunately, most stem cells in vitro are quiescent and not dividing. rAAV holds the promise of integrating the provirus more efficiently into non-dividing stem cells. However, purified rAAV is not very efficient with respect to integration when used alone. In cultured cells, integration is observed in less than 1% of the cells. The same conditions that activate the conversion of ss to ds genome also enhance the integration of the ds intermediate into the chromosomal DNA.

Therefore, a desirable application of the methods and compositions of this invention is in bone marrow directed gene therapy. According to this method, stem cells are genetically modified with rAAV and an inducing agent ex vivo using the constructs and methods described above (see e.g., Example 19). Genetically modified stem cells are subsequently transplanted by conventional techniques.

Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are included in the above-identified specification and are expected to be obvious to one of skill in the art. Such modifications and alterations to the compositions and processes of the present invention, such as selections of different transgenes and plasmids for the construction of the packaging cell lines and rAds, or selection or dosage of the viruses or immune modulators, are believed to be encompassed in the scope of the claims appended hereto.

5 3653 base pairs nucleic acid double Not Relevant cDNA not provided CDS 1521..2405 1 CTGCATGTGT CAGAGGTTTT CACCGTCATC ACCGAAACGC GCGAGGCAGC 50 AAGCTTGGCA GAAATGGTTG AACTCCCGAG AGTGTCCTAC ACCTAGGGGA 100 GAAGCAGCCA AGGGGTTGTT TCCCACCAAG GACGACCCGT CTGCGCACAA 150 ACGGATGAGC CCATCAGACA AAGACATATT CATTCTCTGC TGCAAACTTG 200 GCATAGCTCT GCTTTGCCTG GGGCTATTGG GGGAAGTTGC GGTTCGTGCT 250 CGCAGGGCTC TCACCCTTGA CTCTTTCAAT AATAACTCTT CTGTGCAAGA 300 TTACAATCTA AACAATTCGG AGAACTCGAC CTTCCTCCTG AGGCAAGGAC 350 CACAGCCAAC TTCCTCTTAC AAGCCGCATC GATTTTGTCC TTCAGAAATA 400 GAAATAAGAA TGCTTGCTAA AAATTATATT TTTACCAATA AGACCAATCC 450 AATAGGTAGA TTATTAGTTA CTATGTTAAG AAATGAATCA TTATCTTTTA 500 GTACTATTTT TACTCAAATT CAGAAGTTAG AAATGGGAAT AGAAAATAGA 550 AAGAGACGCT CAACCTCAAT TGAAGAACAG GTGCAAGGAC TATTGACCAC 600 AGGCCTAGAA GTAAAAAAGG GAAAAAAGAG TGTTTTTGTC AAAATAGGAG 650 ACAGGTGGTG GCAACCAGGG ACTTATAGGG GACCTTACAT CTACAGACCA 700 ACAGATGCCC CCTTACCATA TACAGGAAGA TATGACTTAA ATTGGGATAG 750 GTGGGTTACA GTCAATGGCT ATAAAGTGTT ATATAGATCC CTCCCCTTTC 800 GTGAAAGACT CGCCAGAGCT AGACCTCCTT GGTGTATGTT GTCTCAAGAA 850 AAGAAAGACG ACATGAAACA ACAGGTACAT GATTATATTT ATCTAGGAAC 900 AGGAATGCAC TTTTGGGGAA AGATTTTCCA TACCAAGGAG GGGACAGTGG 950 CTGGACTAAT AGAACATTAT TCTGCAAAAA CTTATGGCAT GAGTTATTAT 1000 GATTAGCCTT GATTTGCCCA ACCTTGCGGT TCCCAAGGCT TAAGTAAGTT 1050 TTTGGTTACA AACTGTTCTT AAAACAAGGA TGTGAGACAA GTGGTTTCCT 1100 GACTTGGTTT GGTATCAAAG GTTCTGATCT GAGCTCTGAG TGTTCTATTT 1150 TCCTATGTTC TTTTGGAATT TATCCAAATC TTATGTAAAT GCTTATGTAA 1200 ACCAAGATAT AAAAGAGTGC TGATTTTTTG AGTAAACTTG CAACAGTCCT 1250 AACATTCACC TCTTGTGTGT TTGTGTCTGT TCGCCATCCC GTCTCCGCTC 1300 GTCACTTATC CTTCACTTTC CAGAGGGTCC CCCCGCAGAC CCCGGCGACC 1350 CTCAGGTCGG CCGACTGCGG CAGCTGGCGC CCGAACAGGG ACCCTCGGAT 1400 AAGTGACCCT TGTCTTTATT TCTACTATTT TGTGTTCGTC TTGTTTTGTC 1450 TCTATCTTGT CTGGCTATCA TCACAAGAGC GGAACGGACT CACCTCAGGG 1500 AACCAAGCTA GCCCAATTCG ATGACTACGT CCGGCGTTCC ATTTGGCATG 1550 ACACTACGAC CAACACGATC TCGGTTGTCT CGGCGCACTC CGTACAGTAG 1600 GGATCGTCTA CCTCCTTTTG AGACAGAAAC CCGCGCTACC ATACTGGAGG 1650 ATCATCCGCT GCTGCCCGAA TGTAACACTT TGACAATGCA CAACGTGAGT 1700 TACGTGCGAG GTCTTCCCTG CAGTGTGGGA TTTACGCTGA TTCAGGAATG 1750 GGTTGTTCCC TGGGATATGG TTCTAACGCG GGAGGAGCTT GTAATCCTGA 1800 GGAAGTGTAT GCACGTGTGC CTGTGTTGTG CCAACATTGA TATCATGACG 1850 AGCATGATGA TCCATGGTTA CGAGTCCTGG GCTCTCCACT GTCATTGTTC 1900 CAGTCCCGGT TCCCTGCAGT GTATAGCCGG CGGGCAGGTT TTGGCCAGCT 1950 GGTTTAGGAT GGTGGTGGAT GGCGCCATGT TTAATCAGAG GTTTATATGG 2000 TACCGGGAGG TGGTGAATTA CAACATGCCA AAAGAGGTAA TGTTTATGTC 2050 CAGCGTGTTT ATGAGGGGTC GCCACTTAAT CTACCTGCGC TTGTGGTATG 2100 ATGGCCACGT GGGTTCTGTG GTCCCCGCCA TGAGCTTTGG ATACAGCGCC 2150 TTGCACTGTG GGATTTTGAA CAATATTGTG GTGCTGTGCT GCAGTTACTG 2200 TGCTGATTTA AGTGAGATCA GGGTGCGCTG CTGTGCCCGG AGGACAAGGC 2250 GCCTTATGCT GCGGGCGGTG CGAATCATCG CTGAGGAGAC CACTGCCATG 2300 TTGTATTCCT GCAGGACGGA GCGGCGGCGG CAGCAGTTTA TTCGCGCGCT 2350 GCTGCAGCAC CACCGCCCTA TCCTGATGCA CGATTATGAC TCTACCCCCA 2400 TGTAGGGATC CAAGCTTGCG GGCGCATCGA TGATATCAAG CTTGCATGCC 2450 TGCAGGTCGA CTCTAGAGGA TCCCGGGTGG NATCCCTGTG ACCCCTCCCC 2500 AGTGCCTCTC CTGGCCCTGG AAGTTGGCAC TCCAGTGCCC ACCAGCCTTG 2550 TCCTAATAAA ATTAAGTTGN ATCATTTTGT CTGACTAGGT GTCCTTCTAT 2600 AATATTATGG GGTGGAGGGG GGTGGTATGG AGCAANGGGN AANTTGGNAA 2650 GACAANCTGT AGGGCCTGCG GGGTCTATTG GGAACAAGCT GGAGTGCAGT 2700 GGCACAATCT TGGCTCACTG CAATCTCCGC CTCCTGGGTT CAAGCGATTC 2750 TCCTGCCTCA GACTCCCGAG TTGTTGGGAT TCCAGGCATG CATGACCAGG 2800 CTCAGATAAT TTTTGTTTTT TTGGTAGAGA CGGGGTTTCA CCATATTGGN 2850 CAGGCTGGTC TCCAACTCCT AATCTCAGGT GATCTNCCCA CCTTGGCCTC 2900 CCAAATTGCT GGGATTACAG GNGTGAACCA CTGNTCCCTT CCCTGTCCTT 2950 CTGATTTTAA AATAACTATA CCAGCAGGAG GACGTCCAGA CACAGCATAG 3000 GCTACCTGGC CATGCCCAAC CGGTGGGACA TTTGAGTTGC TTGCTTGGCA 3050 CTGTCCTCTC ATGCGTTGGG TCCACTCAGT AGATGCCTGT TGAATTGGGT 3100 ACGCGGCCAG CTTGGCTGTG GAATGTGTGT CAGTTAGGGT GTGGAAAGTC 3150 CCCAGGCTCC CCAGCAGGCA GAAGTATGCA AAGCATGCAT CTCAATTAGT 3200 CAGCAACCAG GTGTGGAAAG TCCCCAGGCT CCCCAGCAGG CAGAAGTATG 3250 CAAAGCATGC ATCTCAATTA GTCAGNAACC ATAGNCCCGC CCCTAACTCC 3300 GTCCATCCCG GCCCTAACTC NGGCCAGTTC CGACCNTNCT CCGGCNNATG 3350 GNTGAGTAAT TTGCNNGATT TATGCAGNGG GCGAGGNCGC CTCGGGCTCT 3400 GAGNTNTTCC AGAAGTAGTG AGGAGGCTTT NNTGGTGGAA TTGATCAGCT 3450 TGGGATCTGA TCAAGAGACA GGATGAGGAT CGNNNCGNAT GATTGAACAA 3500 GATGGGTTGC ACGGAGGTTC TCCGGNCGCT TGGGTGGGGA GGNTATTCGG 3550 NTATTNTTGG TGNACAACAG NNAAACGGNT GTTCTGATGC CGCCGCGTTC 3600 NCGCTTTCAG NGCAGGGGGG CCCCCCTTCT NTTGAGANNA GCNCCCCTTN 3650 TTG 3653 294 amino acids amino acid Not Relevant protein not provided 2 Met Thr Thr Ser Gly Val Pro Phe Gly Met Thr Leu Arg Pro Thr Arg 1 5 10 15 Ser Arg Leu Ser Arg Arg Thr Pro Tyr Ser Arg Asp Arg Leu Pro Pro 20 25 30 Phe Glu Thr Glu Thr Arg Ala Thr Ile Leu Glu Asp His Pro Leu Leu 35 40 45 Pro Glu Cys Asn Thr Leu Thr Met His Asn Val Ser Tyr Val Arg Gly 50 55 60 Leu Pro Cys Ser Val Gly Phe Thr Leu Ile Gln Glu Trp Val Val Pro 65 70 75 80 Trp Asp Met Val Leu Thr Arg Glu Glu Leu Val Ile Leu Arg Lys Cys 85 90 95 Met His Val Cys Leu Cys Cys Ala Asn Ile Asp Ile Met Thr Ser Met 100 105 110 Met Ile Tyr Gly Tyr Glu Ser Trp Ala Leu His Cys His Cys Ser Ser 115 120 125 Pro Gly Ser Leu Gln Cys Ile Ala Gly Gly Gln Val Leu Ala Ser Trp 130 135 140 Phe Arg Met Val Val Asp Gly Ala Met Phe Asn Gln Arg Phe Ile Trp 145 150 155 160 Tyr Arg Glu Val Val Asn Tyr Asn Met Pro Lys Glu Val Met Phe Met 165 170 175 Ser Ser Val Phe Met Arg Gly Arg His Leu Ile Tyr Leu Arg Tyr Trp 180 185 190 Tyr Asp Gly His Val Gly Ser Val Val Pro Ala Met Ser Phe Gly Tyr 195 200 205 Ser Ala Leu His Cys Gly Ile Leu Asn Asn Ile Val Val Leu Cys Cys 210 215 220 Ser Tyr Cys Ala Asp Leu Ser Glu Ile Arg Val Arg Cys Cys Ala Arg 225 230 235 240 Arg Thr Arg Arg Leu Met Leu Arg Ala Val Arg Ile Ile Ala Glu Glu 245 250 255 Thr Thr Ala Met Leu Tyr Ser Cys Arg Thr Glu Arg Arg Arg Gln Gln 260 265 270 Phe Ile Arg Ala Leu Leu Gln His His Arg Pro Ile Leu Met His Asp 275 280 285 Tyr Asp Ser Thr Pro Met 290 35408 base pairs nucleic acid Not Relevant Not Relevant other nucleic acid not provided 3 CATCATCAAT AATATACCTT ATTTTGGATT GAAGCCAATA TGATAATGAG 50 GGGGTGGAGT TTGTGACGTG GCGCGGGGCG TGGGAACGGG GCGGGTGACG 100 TAGTAGTGTG GCGGAAGTGT GATGTTGCAA GTGTGGCGGA ACACATGTAA 150 GCGACGGATG TGGCAAAAGT GACGTTTTTG GTGTGCGCCG GTGTACACAG 200 GAAGTGACAA TTTTCGCGCG GTTTTAGGCG GATGTTGTAG TAAATTTGGG 250 CGTAACCGAG TAAGATTTGG CCATTTTCGC GGGAAAACTG AATAAGAGGA 300 AGTGAAATCT GAATAATTTT GTGTTACTCA TAGCGCGTAA TATTTGTCTA 350 GGGAGATCAG CCTGCAGGTC GTTACATAAC TTACGGTAAA TGGCCCGCCT 400 GGCTGACCGC CCAACGACCC CCGCCCATTG ACGTCAATAA TGACGTATGT 450 TCCCATAGTA ACGCCAATAG GGACTTTCCA TTGACGTCAA TGGGTGGAGT 500 ATTTACGGTA AACTGCCCAC TTGGCAGTAC ATCAAGTGTA TCATATGCCA 550 AGTACGCCCC CTATTGACGT CAATGACGGT AAATGGCCCG CCTGGCATTA 600 TGCCCAGTAC ATGACCTTAT GGGACTTTCC TACTTGGCAG TACATCTACT 650 CGAGGCCACG TTCTGCTTCA CTCTCCCCAT CTCCCCCCCC TCCCCACCCC 700 CAATTTTGTA TTTATTTATT TTTTAATTAT TTTGTGCAGC GATGGGGGCG 750 GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGCGCGC GCCAGGCGGG GCGGGGCGGG GCGAGGGGCG 800 GGGCGGGGCG AGGCGGAGAG GTGCGGCGGC AGCCAATCAG AGCGGCGCGC 850 TCCGAAAGTT TCCTTTTATG GCGAGGCGGC GGCGGCGGCG GCCCTATAAA 900 AAGCGAAGCG CGCGGCGGGC GGGAGCGGGA TCAGCCACCG CGGTGGCGGC 950 CGCAATTCCC GGGGATCGAA AGAGCCTGCT AAAGCAAAAA AGAAGTCACC 1000 ATGTCGTTTA CTTTGACCAA CAAGAACGTG ATTTTCGTTG CCGGTCTGGG 1050 AGGCATTGGT CTGGACACCA GCAAGGAGCT GCTCAAGCGC GATCCCGTCG 1100 TTTTACAACG TCGTGACTGG GAAAACCCTG GCGTTACCCA ACTTAATCGC 1150 CTTGCAGCAC ATCCCCCTTT CGCCAGCTGG CGTAATAGCG AAGAGGCCCG 1200 CACCGATCGC CCTTCCCAAC AGTTGCGCAG CCTGAATGGC GAATGGCGCT 1250 TTGCCTGGTT TCCGGCACCA GAAGCGGTGC CGGAAAGCTG GCTGGAGTGC 1300 GATCTTCCTG AGGCCGATAC TGTCGTCGTC CCCTCAAACT GGCAGATGCA 1350 CGGTTACGAT GCGCCCATCT ACACCAACGT AACCTATCCC ATTACGGTCA 1400 ATCCGCCGTT TGTTCCCACG GAGAATCCGA CGGGTTGTTA CTCGCTCACA 1450 TTTAATGTTG ATGAAAGCTG GCTACAGGAA GGCCAGACGC GAATTATTTT 1500 TGATGGCGTT AACTCGGCGT TTCATCTGTG GTGCAACGGG CGCTGGGTCG 1550 GTTACGGCCA GGACAGTCGT TTGCCGTCTG AATTTGACCT GAGCGCATTT 1600 TTACGCGCCG GAGAAAACCG CCTCGCGGTG ATGGTGCTGC GTTGGAGTGA 1650 CGGCAGTTAT CTGGAAGATC AGGATATGTG GCGGATGAGC GGCATTTTCC 1700 GTGACGTCTC GTTGCTGCAT AAACCGACTA CACAAATCAG CGATTTCCAT 1750 GTTGCCACTC GCTTTAATGA TGATTTCAGC CGCGCTGTAC TGGAGGCTGA 1800 AGTTCAGATG TGCGGCGAGT TGCGTGACTA CCTACGGGTA ACAGTTTCTT 1850 TATGGCAGGG TGAAACGCAG GTCGCCAGCG GCACCGCGCC TTTCGGCGGT 1900 GAAATTATCG ATGAGCGTGG TGGTTATGCC GATCGCGTCA CACTACGTCT 1950 GAACGTCGAA AACCCGAAAC TGTGGAGCGC CGAAATCCCG AATCTCTATC 2000 GTGCGGTGGT TGAACTGCAC ACCGCCGACG GCACGCTGAT TGAAGCAGAA 2050 GCCTGCGATG TCGGTTTCCG CGAGGTGCGG ATTGAAAATG GTCTGCTGCT 2100 GCTGAACGGC AAGCCGTTGC TGATTCGAGG CGTTAACCGT CACGAGCATC 2150 ATCCTCTGCA TGGTCAGGTC ATGGATGAGC AGACGATGGT GCAGGATATC 2200 CTGCTGATGA AGCAGAACAA CTTTAACGCC GTGCGCTGTT CGCATTATCC 2250 GAACCATCCG CTGTGGTACA CGCTGTGCGA CCGCTACGGC CTGTATGTGG 2300 TGGATGAAGC CAATATTGAA ACCCACGGCA TGGTGCCAAT GAATCGTCTG 2350 ACCGATGATC CGCGCTGGCT ACCGGCGATG AGCGAACGCG TAACGCGAAT 2400 GGTGCAGCGC GATCGTAATC ACCCGAGTGT GATCATCTGG TCGCTGGGGA 2450 ATGAATCAGG CCACGGCGCT AATCACGACG CGCTGTATCG CTGGATCAAA 2500 TCTGTCGATC CTTCCCGCCC GGTGCAGTAT GAAGGCGGCG GAGCCGACAC 2550 CACGGCCACC GATATTATTT GCCCGATGTA CGCGCGCGTG GATGAAGACC 2600 AGCCCTTCCC GGCTGTGCCG AAATGGTCCA TCAAAAAATG GCTTTCGCTA 2650 CCTGGAGAGA CGCGCCCGCT GATCCTTTGC GAATACGCCC ACGCGATGGG 2700 TAACAGTCTT GGCGGTTTCG CTAAATACTG GCAGGCGTTT CGTCAGTATC 2750 CCCGTTTACA GGGCGGCTTC GTCTGGGACT GGGTGGATCA GTCGCTGATT 2800 AAATATGATG AAAACGGCAA CCCGTGGTCG GCTTACGGCG GTGATTTTGG 2850 CGATACGCCG AACGATCGCC AGTTCTGTAT GAACGGTCTG GTCTTTGCCG 2900 ACCGCACGCC GCATCCAGCG CTGACGGAAG CAAAACACCA GCAGCAGTTT 2950 TTCCAGTTCC GTTTATCCGG GCAAACCATC GAAGTGACCA GCGAATACCT 3000 GTTCCGTCAT AGCGATAACG AGCTCCTGCA CTGGATGGTG GCGCTGGATG 3050 GTAAGCCGCT GGCAAGCGGT GAAGTGCCTC TGGATGTCGC TCCACAAGGT 3100 AAACAGTTGA TTGAACTGCC TGAACTACCG CAGCCGGAGA GCGCCGGGCA 3150 ACTCTGGCTC ACAGTACGCG TAGTGCAACC GAACGCGACC GCATGGTCAG 3200 AAGCCGGGCA CATCAGCGCC TGGCAGCAGT GGCGTCTGGC GGAAAACCTC 3250 AGTGTGACGC TCCCCGCCGC GTCCCACGCC ATCCCGCATC TGACCACCAG 3300 CGAAATGGAT TTTTGCATCG AGCTGGGTAA TAAGCGTTGG CAATTTAACC 3350 GCCAGTCAGG CTTTCTTTCA CAGATGTGGA TTGGCGATAA AAAACAACTG 3400 CTGACGCCGC TGCGCGATCA GTTCACCCGT GCACCGCTGG ATAACGACAT 3450 TGGCGTAAGT GAAGCGACCC GCATTGACCC TAACGCCTGG GTCGAACGCT 3500 GGAAGGCGGC GGGCCATTAC CAGGCCGAAG CAGCGTTGTT GCAGTGCACG 3550 GCAGATACAC TTGCTGATGC GGTGCTGATT ACGACCGCTC ACGCGTGGCA 3600 GCATCAGGGG AAAACCTTAT TTATCAGCCG GAAAACCTAC CGGATTGATG 3650 GTAGTGGTCA AATGGCGATT ACCGTTGATG TTGAAGTGGC GAGCGATACA 3700 CCGCATCCGG CGCGGATTGG CCTGAACTGC CAGCTGGCGC AGGTAGCAGA 3750 GCGGGTAAAC TGGCTCGGAT TAGGGCCGCA AGAAAACTAT CCCGACCGCC 3800 TTACTGCCGC CTGTTTTGAC CGCTGGGATC TGCCATTGTC AGACATGTAT 3850 ACCCCGTACG TCTTCCCGAG CGAAAACGGT CTGCGCTGCG GGACGCGCGA 3900 ATTGAATTAT GGCCCACACC AGTGGCGCGG CGACTTCCAG TTCAACATCA 3950 GCCGCTACAG TCAACAGCAA CTGATGGAAA CCAGCCATCG CCATCTGCTG 4000 CACGCGGAAG AAGGCACATG GCTGAATATC GACGGTTTCC ATATGGGGAT 4050 TGGTGGCGAC GACTCCTGGA GCCCGTCAGT ATCGGCGGAA TTACAGCTGA 4100 GCGCCGGTCG CTACCATTAC CAGTTGGTCT GGTGTCAAAA ATAATAATAA 4150 CCGGGCAGGC CATGTCTGCC CGTATTTCGC GTAAGGAAAT CCATTATGTA 4200 CTATTTAAAA AACACAAACT TTTGGATGTT CGGTTTATTC TTTTTCTTTT 4250 ACTTTTTTAT CATGGGAGCC TACTTCCCGT TTTTCCCGAT TTGGCTACAT 4300 GACATCAACC ATATCAGCAA AAGTGATACG GGTATTATTT TTGCCGCTAT 4350 TTCTCTGTTC TCGCTATTAT TCCAACCGCT GTTTGGTCTG CTTTCTGACA 4400 AACTCGGCCT CGACTCTAGG CGGCCGCGGG GATCCAGACA TGATAAGATA 4450 CATTGATGAG TTTGGACAAA CCACAACTAG AATGCAGTGA AAAAAATGCT 4500 TTATTTGTGA AATTTGTGAT GCTATTGCTT TATTTGTAAC CATTATAAGC 4550 TGCAATAAAC AAGTTAACAA CAACAATTGC ATTCATTTTA TGTTTCAGGT 4600 TCAGGGGGAG GTGTGGGAGG TTTTTTCGGA TCCTCTAGAG TCGACCTGCA 4650 GGCTGATCAG TGGAAGGTGC TGAGGTACGA TGAGACCCGC ACCAGGTGCA 4700 GACCCTGCGA GTGTGGCGGT AAACATATTA GGAACCAGCC TGTGATGCTG 4750 GATGTGACCG AGGAGCTGAG GCCCGATCAC TTGGTGCTGG CCTGCACCCG 4800 CGCTGAGTTT GGCTCTAGCG ATGAAGATAC AGATTGAGGT ACTGAAATGT 4850 GTGGGCGTGG CTTAAGGGTG GGAAAGAATA TATAAGGTGG GGGTCTTATG 4900 TAGTTTTGTA TCTGTTTTGC AGCAGCCGCC GCCGCCATGA GCACCAACTC 4950 GTTTGATGGA AGCATTGTGA GCTCATATTT GACAACGCGC ATGCCCCCAT 5000 GGGCCGGGGT GCGTCAGAAT GTGATGGGCT CCAGCATTGA TGGTCGCCCC 5050 GTCCTGCCCG CAAACTCTAC TACCTTGACC TACGAGACCG TGTCTGGAAC 5100 GCCGTTGGAG ACTGCAGCCT CCGCCGCCGC TTCAGCCGCT GCAGCCACCG 5150 CCCGCGGGAT TGTGACTGAC TTTGCTTTCC TGAGCCCGCT TGCAAGCAGT 5200 GCAGCTTCCC GTTCATCCGC CCGCGATGAC AAGTTGACGG CTCTTTTGGC 5250 ACAATTGGAT TCTTTGACCC GGGAACTTAA TGTCGTTTCT CAGCAGCTGT 5300 TGGATCTGCG CCAGCAGGTT TCTGCCCTGA AGGCTTCCTC CCCTCCCAAT 5350 GCGGTTTAAA ACATAAATAA AAAACCAGAC TCTGTTTGGA TTTGGATCAA 5400 GCAAGTGTCT TGCTGTCTTT ATTTAGGGGT TTTGCGCGCG CGGTAGGCCC 5450 GGGACCAGCG GTCTCGGTCG TTGAGGGTCC TGTGTATTTT TTCCAGGACG 5500 TGGTAAAGGT GACTCTGGAT GTTCAGATAC ATGGGCATAA GCCCGTCTCT 5550 GGGGTGGAGG TAGCACCACT GCAGAGCTTC ATGCTGCGGG GTGGTGTTGT 5600 AGATGATCCA GTCGTAGCAG GAGCGCTGGG CGTGGTGCCT AAAAATGTCT 5650 TTCAGTAGCA AGCTGATTGC CAGGGGCAGG CCCTTGGTGT AAGTGTTTAC 5700 AAAGCGGTTA AGCTGGGATG GGTGCATACG TGGGGATATG AGATGCATCT 5750 TGGACTGTAT TTTTAGGTTG GCTATGTTCC CAGCCATATC CCTCCGGGGA 5800 TTCATGTTGT GCAGAACCAC CAGCACAGTG TATCCGGTGC ACTTGGGAAA 5850 TTTGTCATGT AGCTTAGAAG GAAATGCGTG GAAGAACTTG GAGACGCCCT 5900 TGTGACCTCC AAGATTTTCC ATGCATTCGT CCATAATGAT GGCAATGGGC 5950 CCACGGGCGG CGGCCTGGGC GAAGATATTT CTGGGATCAC TAACGTCATA 6000 GTTGTGTTCC AGGATGAGAT CGTCATAGGC CATTTTTACA AAGCGCGGGC 6050 GGAGGGTGCC AGACTGCGGT ATAATGGTTC CATCCGGCCC AGGGGCGTAG 6100 TTACCCTCAC AGATTTGCAT TTCCCACGCT TTGAGTTCAG ATGGGGGGAT 6150 CATGTCTACC TGCGGGGCGA TGAAGAAAAC GGTTTCCGGG GTAGGGGAGA 6200 TCAGCTGGGA AGAAAGCAGG TTCCTGAGCA GCTGCGACTT ACCGCAGCCG 6250 GTGGGCCCGT AAATCACACC TATTACCGGG TGCAACTGGT AGTTAAGAGA 6300 GCTGCAGCTG CCGTCATCCC TGAGCAGGGG GGCCACTTCG TTAAGCATGT 6350 CCCTGACTCG CATGTTTTCC CTGACCAAAT CCGCCAGAAG GCGCTCGCCG 6400 CCCAGCGATA GCAGTTCTTG CAAGGAAGCA AAGTTTTTCA ACGGTTTGAG 6450 ACCGTCCGCC GTAGGCATGC TTTTGAGCGT TTGACCAAGC AGTTCCAGGC 6500 GGTCCCACAG CTCGGTCACC TGCTCTACGG CATCTCGATC CAGCATATCT 6550 CCTCGTTTCG CGGGTTGGGG CGGCTTTCGC TGTACGGCAG TAGTCGGTGC 6600 TCGTCCAGAC GGGCCAGGGT CATGTCTTTC CACGGGCGCA GGGTCCTCGT 6650 CAGCGTAGTC TGGGTCACGG TGAAGGGGTG CGCTCCGGGC TGCGCGCTGG 6700 CCAGGGTGCG CTTGAGGCTG GTCCTGCTGG TGCTGAAGCG CTGCCGGTCT 6750 TCGCCCTGCG CGTCGGCCAG GTAGCATTTG ACCATGGTGT CATAGTCCAG 6800 CCCCTCCGCG GCGTGGCCCT TGGCGCGCAG CTTGCCCTTG GAGGAGGCGC 6850 CGCACGAGGG GCAGTGCAGA CTTTTGAGGG CGTAGAGCTT GGGCGCGAGA 6900 AATACCGATT CCGGGGAGTA GGCATCCGCG CCGCAGGCCC CGCAGACGGT 6950 CTCGCATTCC ACGAGCCAGG TGAGCTCTGG CCGTTCGGGG TCAAAAACCA 7000 GGTTTCCCCC ATGCTTTTTG ATGCGTTTCT TACCTCTGGT TTCCATGAGC 7050 CGGTGTCCAC GCTCGGTGAC GAAAAGGCTG TCCGTGTCCC CGTATACAGA 7100 CTTGAGAGGC CTGTCCTCGA GCGGTGTTCC GCGGTCCTCC TCGTATAGAA 7150 ACTCGGACCA CTCTGAGACA AAGGCTCGCG TCCAGGCCAG CACGAAGGAG 7200 GCTAAGTGGG AGGGGTAGCG GTCGTTGTCC ACTAGGGGGT CCACTCGCTC 7250 CAGGGTGTGA AGACACATGT CGCCCTCTTC GGCATCAAGG AAGGTGATTG 7300 GTTTGTAGGT GTAGGCCACG TGACCGGGTG TTCCTGAAGG GGGGCTATAA 7350 AAGGGGGTGG GGGCGCGTTC GTCCTCACTC TCTTCCGCAT CGCTGTCTGC 7400 GAGGGCCAGC TGTTGGGGTG AGTACTCCCT CTGAAAAGCG GGCATGACTT 7450 CTGCGCTAAG ATTGTCAGTT TCCAAAAACG AGGAGGATTT GATATTCACC 7500 TGGCCCGCGG TGATGCCTTT GAGGGTGGCC GCATCCATCT GGTCAGAAAA 7550 GACAATCTTT TTGTTGTCAA GCTTGGTGGC AAACGACCCG TAGAGGGCGT 7600 TGGACAGCAA CTTGGCGATG GAGCGCAGGG TTTGGTTTTT GTCGCGATCG 7650 GCGCGCTCCT TGGCCGCGAT GTTTAGCTGC ACGTATTCGC GCGCAACGCA 7700 CCGCCATTCG GGAAAGACGG TGGTGCGCTC GTCGGGCACC AGGTGCACGC 7750 GCCAACCGCG GTTGTGCAGG GTGACAAGGT CAACGCTGGT GGCTACCTCT 7800 CCGCGTAGGC GCTCGTTGGT CCAGCAGAGG CGGCCGCCCT TGCGCGAGCA 7850 GAATGGCGGT AGGGGGTCTA GCTGCGTCTC GTCCGGGGGG TCTGCGTCCA 7900 CGGTAAAGAC CCCGGGCAGC AGGCGCGCGT CGAAGTAGTC TATCTTGCAT 7950 CCTTGCAAGT CTAGCGCCTG CTGCCATGCG CGGGCGGCAA GCGCGCGCTC 8000 GTATGGGTTG AGTGGGGGAC CCCATGGCAT GGGGTGGGTG AGCGCGGAGG 8050 CGTACATGCC GCAAATGTCG TAAACGTAGA GGGGCTCTCT GAGTATTCCA 8100 AGATATGTAG GGTAGCATCT TCCACCGCGG ATGCTGGCGC GCACGTAATC 8150 GTATAGTTCG TGCGAGGGAG CGAGGAGGTC GGGACCGAGG TTGCTACGGG 8200 CGGGCTGCTC TGCTCGGAAG ACTATCTGCC TGAAGATGGC ATGTGAGTTG 8250 GATGATATGG TTGGACGCTG GAAGACGTTG AAGCTGGCGT CTGTGAGACC 8300 TACCGCGTCA CGCACGAAGG AGGCGTAGGA GTCGCGCAGC TTGTTGACCA 8350 GCTCGGCGGT GACCTGCACG TCTAGGGCGC AGTAGTCCAG GGTTTCCTTG 8400 ATGATGTCAT ACTTATCCTG TCCCTTTTTT TTCCACAGCT CGCGGTTGAG 8450 GACAAACTCT TCGCGGTCTT TCCAGTACTC TTGGATCGGA AACCCGTCGG 8500 CCTCCGAACG GTAAGAGCCT AGCATGTAGA ACTGGTTGAC GGCCTGGTAG 8550 GCGCAGCATC CCTTTTCTAC GGGTAGCGCG TATGCCTGCG CGGCCTTCCG 8600 GAGCGAGGTG TGGGTGAGCG CAAAGGTGTC CCTGACCATG ACTTTGAGGT 8650 ACTGGTATTT GAAGTCAGTG TCGTCGCATC CGCCCTGCTC CCAGAGCAAA 8700 AAGTCCGTGC GCTTTTTGGA ACGCGGATTT GGCAGGGCGA AGGTGACATC 8750 GTTGAAGAGT ATCTTTCCCG CGCGAGGCAT AAAGTTGCGT GTGATGCGGA 8800 AGGGTCCCGG CACCTCGGAA CGGTTGTTAA TTACCTGGGC GGCGAGCACG 8850 ATCTCGTCAA AGCCGTTGAT GTTGTGGCCC ACAATGTAAA GTTCCAAGAA 8900 GCGCGGGATG CCCTTGATGG AAGGCAATTT TTTAAGTTCC TCGTAGGTGA 8950 GCTCTTCAGG GGAGCTGAGC CCGTGCTCTG AAAGGGCCCA GTCTGCAAGA 9000 TGAGGGTTGG AAGCGACGAA TGAGCTCCAC AGGTCACGGG CCATTAGCAT 9050 TTGCAGGTGG TCGCGAAAGG TCCTAAACTG GCGACCTATG GCCATTTTTT 9100 CTGGGGTGAT GCAGTAGAAG GTAAGCGGGT CTTGTTCCCA GCGGTCCCAT 9150 CCAAGGTTCG CGGCTAGGTC TCGCGCGGCA GTCACTAGAG GCTCATCTCC 9200 GCCGAACTTC ATGACCAGCA TGAAGGGCAC GAGCTGCTTC CCAAAGGCCC 9250 CCATCCAAGT ATAGGTCTCT ACATCGTAGG TGACAAAGAG ACGCTCGGTG 9300 CGAGGATGCG AGCCGATCGG GAAGAACTGG ATCTCCCGCC ACCAATTGGA 9350 GGAGTGGCTA TTGATGTGGT GAAAGTAGAA GTCCCTGCGA CGGGCCGAAC 9400 ACTCGTGCTG GCTTTTGTAA AAACGTGCGC AGTACTGGCA GCGGTGCACG 9450 GGCTGTACAT CCTGCACGAG GTTGACCTGA CGACCGCGCA CAAGGAAGCA 9500 GAGTGGGAAT TTGAGCCCCT CGCCTGGCGG GTTTGGCTGG TGGTCTTCTA 9550 CTTCGGCTGC TTGTCCTTGA CCGTCTGGCT GCTCGAGGGG AGTTACGGTG 9600 GATCGGACCA CCACGCCGCG CGAGCCCAAA GTCCAGATGT CCGCGCGCGG 9650 CGGTCGGAGC TTGATGACAA CATCGCGCAG ATGGGAGCTG TCCATGGTCT 9700 GGAGCTCCCG CGGCGTCAGG TCAGGCGGGA GCTCCTGCAG GTTTACCTCG 9750 CATAGACGGG TCAGGGCGCG GGCTAGATCC AGGTGATACC TAATTTCCAG 9800 GGGCTGGTTG GTGGCGGCGT CGATGGCTTG CAAGAGGCCG CATCCCCGCG 9850 GCGCGACTAC GGTACCGCGC GGCGGGCGGT GGGCCGCGGG GGTGTCCTTG 9900 GATGATGCAT CTAAAAGCGG TGACGCGGGC GAGCCCCCGG AGGTAGGGGG 9950 GGCTCCGGAC CCGCCGGGAG AGGGGGCAGG GGCACGTCGG CGCCGCGCGC 10000 GGGCAGGAGC TGGTGCTGCG CGCGTAGGTT GCTGGCGAAC GCGACGACGC 10050 GGCGGTTGAT CTCCTGAATC TGGCGCCTCT GCGTGAAGAC GACGGGCCCG 10100 GTGAGCTTGA GCCTGAAAGA GAGTTCGACA GAATCAATTT CGGTGTCGTT 10150 GACGGCGGCC TGGCGCAAAA TCTCCTGCAC GTCTCCTGAG TTGTCTTGAT 10200 AGGCGATCTC GGCCATGAAC TGCTCGATCT CTTCCTCCTG GAGATCTCCG 10250 CGTCCGGCTC GCTCCACGGT GGCGGCGAGG TCGTTGGAAA TGCGGGCCAT 10300 GAGCTGCGAG AAGGCGTTGA GGCCTCCCTC GTTCCAGACG CGGCTGTAGA 10350 CCACGCCCCC TTCGGCATCG CGGGCGCGCA TGACCACCTG CGCGAGATTG 10400 AGCTCCACGT GCCGGGCGAA GACGGCGTAG TTTCGCAGGC GCTGAAAGAG 10450 GTAGTTGAGG GTGGTGGCGG TGTGTTCTGC CACGAAGAAG TACATAACCC 10500 AGCGTCGCAA CGTGGATTCG TTGATATCCC CCAAGGCCTC AAGGCGCTCC 10550 ATGGCCTCGT AGAAGTCCAC GGCGAAGTTG AAAAACTGGG AGTTGCGCGC 10600 CGACACGGTT AACTCCTCCT CCAGAAGACG GATGAGCTCG GCGACAGTGT 10650 CGCGCACCTC GCGCTCAAAG GCTACAGGGG CCTCTTCTTC TTCTTCAATC 10700 TCCTCTTCCA TAAGGGCCTC CCCTTCTTCT TCTTCTGGCG GCGGTGGGGG 10750 AGGGGGGACA CGGCGGCGAC GACGGCGCAC CGGGAGGCGG TCGACAAAGC 10800 GCTCGATCAT CTCCCCGCGG CGACGGCGCA TGGTCTCGGT GACGGCGCGG 10850 CCGTTCTCGC GGGGGCGCAG TTGGAAGACG CCGCCCGTCA TGTCCCGGTT 10900 ATGGGTTGGC GGGGGGCTGC CATGCGGCAG GGATACGGCG CTAACGATGC 10950 ATCTCAACAA TTGTTGTGTA GGTACTCCGC CGCCGAGGGA CCTGAGCGAG 11000 TCCGCATCGA CCGGATCGGA AAACCTCTCG AGAAAGGCGT CTAACCAGTC 11050 ACAGTCGCAA GGTAGGCTGA GCACCGTGGC GGGCGGCAGC GGGCGGCGGT 11100 CGGGGTTGTT TCTGGCGGAG GTGCTGCTGA TGATGTAATT AAAGTAGGCG 11150 GTCTTGAGAC GGCGGATGGT CGACAGAAGC ACCATGTCCT TGGGTCCGGC 11200 CTGCTGAATG CGCAGGCGGT CGGCCATGCC CCAGGCTTCG TTTTGACATC 11250 GGCGCAGGTC TTTGTAGTAG TCTTGCATGA GCCTTTCTAC CGGCACTTCT 11300 TCTTCTCCTT CCTCTTGTCC TGCATCTCTT GCATCTATCG CTGCGGCGGC 11350 GGCGGAGTTT GGCCGTAGGT GGCGCCCTCT TCCTCCCATG CGTGTGACCC 11400 CGAAGCCCCT CATCGGCTGA AGCAGGGCTA GGTCGGCGAC AACGCGCTCG 11450 GCTAATATGG CCTGCTGCAC CTGCGTGAGG GTAGACTGGA AGTCATCCAT 11500 GTCCACAAAG CGGTGGTATG CGCCCGTGTT GATGGTGTAA GTGCAGTTGG 11550 CCATAACGGA CCAGTTAACG GTCTGGTGAC CCGGCTGCGA GAGCTCGGTG 11600 TACCTGAGAC GCGAGTAAGC CCTCGAGTCA AATACGTAGT CGTTGCAAGT 11650 CCGCACCAGG TACTGGTATC CCACCAAAAA GTGCGGCGGC GGCTGGCGGT 11700 AGAGGGGCCA GCGTAGGGTG GCCGGGGCTC CGGGGGCGAG ATCTTCCAAC 11750 ATAAGGCGAT GATATCCGTA GATGTACCTG GACATCCAGG TGATGCCGGC 11800 GGCGGTGGTG GAGGCGCGCG GAAAGTCGCG GACGCGGTTC CAGATGTTGC 11850 GCAGCGGCAA AAAGTGCTCC ATGGTCGGGA CGCTCTGGCC GGTCAGGCGC 11900 GCGCAATCGT TGACGCTCTA GACCGTGCAA AAGGAGAGCC TGTAAGCGGG 11950 CACTCTTCCG TGGTCTGGTG GATAAATTCG CAAGGGTATC ATGGCGGACG 12000 ACCGGGGTTC GAGCCCCGTA TCCGGCCGTC CGCCGTGATC CATGCGGTTA 12050 CCGCCCGCGT GTCGAACCCA GGTGTGCGAC GTCAGACAAC GGGGGAGTGC 12100 TCCTTTTGGC TTCCTTCCAG GCGCGGCGGC TGCTGCGCTA GCTTTTTTGG 12150 CCACTGGCCG CGCGCAGCGT AAGCGGTTAG GCTGGAAAGC GAAAGCATTA 12200 AGTGGCTCGC TCCCTGTAGC CGGAGGGTTA TTTTCCAAGG GTTGAGTCGC 12250 GGGACCCCCG GTTCGAGTCT CGGACCGGCC GGACTGCGGC GAACGGGGGT 12300 TTGCCTCCCC GTCATGCAAG ACCCCGCTTG CAAATTCCTC CGGAAACAGG 12350 GACGAGCCCC TTTTTTGCTT TTCCCAGATG CATCCGGTGC TGCGGCAGAT 12400 GCGCCCCCCT CCTCAGCAGC GGCAAGAGCA AGAGCAGCGG CAGACATGCA 12450 GGGCACCCTC CCCTCCTCCT ACCGCGTCAG GAGGGGCGAC ATCCGCGGTT 12500 GACGCGGCAG CAGATGGTGA TTACGAACCC CCGCGGCGCC GGGCCCGGCA 12550 CTACCTGGAC TTGGAGGAGG GCGAGGGCCT GGCGCGGCTA GGAGCGCCCT 12600 CTCCTGAGCG GTACCCAAGG GTGCAGCTGA AGCGTGATAC GCGTGAGGCG 12650 TACGTGCCGC GGCAGAACCT GTTTCGCGAC CGCGAGGGAG AGGAGCCCGA 12700 GGAGATGCGG GATCGAAAGT TCCACGCAGG GCGCGAGCTG CGGCATGGCC 12750 TGAATCGCGA GCGGTTGCTG CGCGAGGAGG ACTTTGAGCC CGACGCGCGA 12800 ACCGGGATTA GTCCCGCGCG CGCACACGTG GCGGCCGCCG ACCTGGTAAC 12850 CGCATACGAG CAGACGGTGA ACCAGGAGAT TAACTTTCAA AAAAGCTTTA 12900 ACAACCACGT GCGTACGCTT GTGGCGCGCG AGGAGGTGGC TATAGGACTG 12950 ATGCATCTGT GGGACTTTGT AAGCGCGCTG GAGCAAAACC CAAATAGCAA 13000 GCCGCTCATG GCGCAGCTGT TCCTTATAGT GCAGCACAGC AGGGACAACG 13050 AGGCATTCAG GGATGCGCTG CTAAACATAG TAGAGCCCGA GGGCCGCTGG 13100 CTGCTCGATT TGATAAACAT CCTGCAGAGC ATAGTGGTGC AGGAGCGCAG 13150 CTTGAGCCTG GCTGACAAGG TGGCCGCCAT CAACTATTCC ATGCTTAGCC 13200 TGGGCAAGTT TTACGCCCGC AAGATATACC ATACCCCTTA CGTTCCCATA 13250 GACAAGGAGG TAAAGATCGA GGGGTTCTAC ATGCGCATGG CGCTGAAGGT 13300 GCTTACCTTG AGCGACGACC TGGGCGTTTA TCGCAACGAG CGCATCCACA 13350 AGGCCGTGAG CGTGAGCCGG CGGCGCGAGC TCAGCGACCG CGAGCTGATG 13400 CACAGCCTGC AAAGGGCCCT GGCTGGCACG GGCAGCGGCG ATAGAGAGGC 13450 CGAGTCCTAC TTTGACGCGG GCGCTGACCT GCGCTGGGCC CCAAGCCGAC 13500 GCGCCCTGGA GGCAGCTGGG GCCGGACCTG GGCTGGCGGT GGCACCCGCG 13550 CGCGCTGGCA ACGTCGGCGG CGTGGAGGAA TATGACGAGG ACGATGAGTA 13600 CGAGCCAGAG GACGGCGAGT ACTAAGCGGT GATGTTTCTG ATCAGATGAT 13650 GCAAGACGCA ACGGACCCGG CGGTGCGGGC GGCGCTGCAG AGCCAGCCGT 13700 CCGGCCTTAA CTCCACGGAC GACTGGCGCC AGGTCATGGA CCGCATCATG 13750 TCGCTGACTG CGCGCAATCC TGACGCGTTC CGGCAGCAGC CGCAGGCCAA 13800 CCGGCTCTCC GCAATTCTGG AAGCGGTGGT CCCGGCGCGC GCAAACCCCA 13850 CGCACGAGAA GGTGCTGGCG ATCGTAAACG CGCTGGCCGA AAACAGGGCC 13900 ATCCGGCCCG ACGAGGCCGG CCTGGTCTAC GACGCGCTGC TTCAGCGCGT 13950 GGCTCGTTAC AACAGCGGCA ACGTGCAGAC CAACCTGGAC CGGCTGGTGG 14000 GGGATGTGCG CGAGGCCGTG GCGCAGCGTG AGCGCGCGCA GCAGCAGGGC 14050 AACCTGGGCT CCATGGTTGC ACTAAACGCC TTCCTGAGTA CACAGCCCGC 14100 CAACGTGCCG CGGGGACAGG AGGACTACAC CAACTTTGTG AGCGCACTGC 14150 GGCTAATGGT GACTGAGACA CCGCAAAGTG AGGTGTACCA GTCTGGGCCA 14200 GACTATTTTT TCCAGACCAG TAGACAAGGC CTGCAGACCG TAAACCTGAG 14250 CCAGGCTTTC AAAAACTTGC AGGGGCTGTG GGGGGTGCGG GCTCCCACAG 14300 GCGACCGCGC GACCGTGTCT AGCTTGCTGA CGCCCAACTC GCGCCTGTTG 14350 CTGCTGCTAA TAGCGCCCTT CACGGACAGT GGCAGCGTGT CCCGGGACAC 14400 ATACCTAGGT CACTTGCTGA CACTGTACCG CGAGGCCATA GGTCAGGCGC 14450 ATGTGGACGA GCATACTTTC CAGGAGATTA CAAGTGTCAG CCGCGCGCTG 14500 GGGCAGGAGG ACACGGGCAG CCTGGAGGCA ACCCTAAACT ACCTGCTGAC 14550 CAACCGGCGG CAGAAGATCC CCTCGTTGCA CAGTTTAAAC AGCGAGGAGG 14600 AGCGCATTTT GCGCTACGTG CAGCAGAGCG TGAGCCTTAA CCTGATGCGC 14650 GACGGGGTAA CGCCCAGCGT GGCGCTGGAC ATGACCGCGC GCAACATGGA 14700 ACCGGGCATG TATGCCTCAA ACCGGCCGTT TATCAACCGC CTAATGGACT 14750 ACTTGCATCG CGCGGCCGCC GTGAACCCCG AGTATTTCAC CAATGCCATC 14800 TTGAACCCGC ACTGGCTACC GCCCCCTGGT TTCTACACCG GGGGATTCGA 14850 GGTGCCCGAG GGTAACGATG GATTCCTCTG GGACGACATA GACGACAGCG 14900 TGTTTTCCCC GCAACCGCAG ACCCTGCTAG AGTTGCAACA GCGCGAGCAG 14950 GCAGAGGCGG CGCTGCGAAA GGAAAGCTTC CGCAGGCCAA GCAGCTTGTC 15000 CGATCTAGGC GCTGCGGCCC CGCGGTCAGA TGCTAGTAGC CCATTTCCAA 15050 GCTTGATAGG GTCTCTTACC AGCACTCGCA CCACCCGCCC GCGCCTGCTG 15100 GGCGAGGAGG AGTACCTAAA CAACTCGCTG CTGCAGCCGC AGCGCGAAAA 15150 AAACCTGCCT CCGGCATTTC CCAACAACGG GATAGAGAGC CTAGTGGACA 15200 AGATGAGTAG ATGGAAGACG TACGCGCAGG AGCACAGGGA CGTGCCAGGC 15250 CCGCGCCCGC CCACCCGTCG TCAAAGGCAC GACCGTCAGC GGGGTCTGGT 15300 GTGGGAGGAC GATGACTCGG CAGACGACAG CAGCGTCCTG GATTTGGGAG 15350 GGAGTGGCAA CCCGTTTGCG CACCTTCGCC CCAGGCTGGG GAGAATGTTT 15400 TAAAAAAAAA AAAGCATGAT GCAAAATAAA AAACTCACCA AGGCCATGGC 15450 ACCGAGCGTT GGTTTTCTTG TATTCCCCTT AGTATGCGGC GCGCGGCGAT 15500 GTATGAGGAA GGTCCTCCTC CCTCCTACGA GAGTGTGGTG AGCGCGGCGC 15550 CAGTGGCGGC GGCGCTGGGT TCTCCCTTCG ATGCTCCCCT GGACCCGCCG 15600 TTTGTGCCTC CGCGGTACCT GCGGCCTACC GGGGGGAGAA ACAGCATCCG 15650 TTACTCTGAG TTGGCACCCC TATTCGACAC CACCCGTGTG TACCTGGTGG 15700 ACAACAAGTC AACGGATGTG GCATCCCTGA ACTACCAGAA CGACCACAGC 15750 AACTTTCTGA CCACGGTCAT TCAAAACAAT GACTACAGCC CGGGGGAGGC 15800 AAGCACACAG ACCATCAATC TTGACGACCG GTCGCACTGG GGCGGCGACC 15850 TGAAAACCAT CCTGCATACC AACATGCCAA ATGTGAACGA GTTCATGTTT 15900 ACCAATAAGT TTAAGGCGCG GGTGATGGTG TCGCGCTTGC CTACTAAGGA 15950 CAATCAGGTG GAGCTGAAAT ACGAGTGGGT GGAGTTCACG CTGCCCGAGG 16000 GCAACTACTC CGAGACCATG ACCATAGACC TTATGAACAA CGCGATCGTG 16050 GAGCACTACT TGAAAGTGGG CAGACAGAAC GGGGTTCTGG AAAGCGACAT 16100 CGGGGTAAAG TTTGACACCC GCAACTTCAG ACTGGGGTTT GACCCCGTCA 16150 CTGGTCTTGT CATGCCTGGG GTATATACAA ACGAAGCCTT CCATCCAGAC 16200 ATCATTTTGC TGCCAGGATG CGGGGTGGAC TTCACCCACA GCCGCCTGAG 16250 CAACTTGTTG GGCATCCGCA AGCGGCAACC CTTCCAGGAG GGCTTTAGGA 16300 TCACCTACGA TGATCTGGAG GGTGGTAACA TTCCCGCACT GTTGGATGTG 16350 GACGCCTACC AGGCGAGCTT GAAAGATGAC ACCGAACAGG GCGGGGGTGG 16400 CGCAGGCGGC AGCAACAGCA GTGGCAGCGG CGCGGAAGAG AACTCCAACG 16450 CGGCAGCCGC GGCAATGCAG CCGGTGGAGG ACATGAACGA TCATGCCATT 16500 CGCGGCGACA CCTTTGCCAC ACGGGCTGAG GAGAAGCGCG CTGAGGCCGA 16550 AGCAGCGGCC GAAGCTGCCG CCCCCGCTGC GCAACCCGAG GTCGAGAAGC 16600 CTCAGAAGAA ACCGGTGATC AAACCCCTGA CAGAGGACAG CAAGAAACGC 16650 AGTTACAACC TAATAAGCAA TGACAGCACC TTCACCCAGT ACCGCAGCTG 16700 GTACCTTGCA TACAACTACG GCGACCCTCA GACCGGAATC CGCTCATGGA 16750 CCCTGCTTTG CACTCCTGAC GTAACCTGCG GCTCGGAGCA GGTCTACTGG 16800 TCGTTGCCAG ACATGATGCA AGACCCCGTG ACCTTCCGCT CCACGCGCCA 16850 GATCAGCAAC TTTCCGGTGG TGGGCGCCGA GCTGTTGCCC GTGCACTCCA 16900 AGAGCTTCTA CAACGACCAG GCCGTCTACT CCCAACTCAT CCGCCAGTTT 16950 ACCTCTCTGA CCCACGTGTT CAATCGCTTT CCCGAGAACC AGATTTTGGC 17000 GCGCCCGCCA GCCCCCACCA TCACCACCGT CAGTGAAAAC GTTCCTGCTC 17050 TCACAGATCA CGGGACGCTA CCGCTGCGCA ACAGCATCGG AGGAGTCCAG 17100 CGAGTGACCA TTACTGACGC CAGACGCCGC ACCTGCCCCT ACGTTTACAA 17150 GGCCCTGGGC ATAGTCTCGC CGCGCGTCCT ATCGAGCCGC ACTTTTTGAG 17200 CAAGCATGTC CATCCTTATA TCGCCCAGCA ATAACACAGG CTGGGGCCTG 17250 CGCTTCCCAA GCAAGATGTT TGGCGGGGCC AAGAAGCGCT CCGACCAACA 17300 CCCAGTGCGC GTGCGCGGGC ACTACCGCGC GCCCTGGGGC GCGCACAAAC 17350 GCGGCCGCAC TGGGCGCACC ACCGTCGATG ACGCCATCGA CGCGGTGGTG 17400 GAGGAGGCGC GCAACTACAC GCCCACGCCG CCACCAGTGT CCACAGTGGA 17450 CGCGGCCATT CAGACCGTGG TGCGCGGAGC CCGGCGCTAT GCTAAAATGA 17500 AGAGACGGCG GAGGCGCGTA GCACGTCGCC ACCGCCGCCG ACCCGGCACT 17550 GCCGCCCAAC GCGCGGCGGC GGCCCTGCTT AACCGCGCAC GTCGCACCGG 17600 CCGACGGGCG GCCATGCGGG CCGCTCGAAG GCTGGCCGCG GGTATTGTCA 17650 CTGTGCCCCC CAGGTCCAGG CGACGAGCGG CCGCCGCAGC AGCCGCGGCC 17700 ATTAGTGCTA TGACTCAGGG TCGCAGGGGC AACGTGTATT GGGTGCGCGA 17750 CTCGGTTAGC GGCCTGCGCG TGCCCGTGCG CACCCGCCCC CCGCGCAACT 17800 AGATTGCAAG AAAAAACTAC TTAGACTCGT ACTGTTGTAT GTATCCAGCG 17850 GCGGCGGCGC GCAACGAAGC TATGTCCAAG CGCAAAATCA AAGAAGAGAT 17900 GCTCCAGGTC ATCGCGCCGG AGATCTATGG CCCCCCGAAG AAGGAAGAGC 17950 AGGATTACAA GCCCCGAAAG CTAAAGCGGG TCAAAAAGAA AAAGAAAGAT 18000 GATGATGATG AACTTGACGA CGAGGTGGAA CTGCTGCACG CTACCGCGCC 18050 CAGGCGACGG GTACAGTGGA AAGGTCGACG CGTAAAACGT GTTTTGCGAC 18100 CCGGCACCAC CGTAGTCTTT ACGCCCGGTG AGCGCTCCAC CCGCACCTAC 18150 AAGCGCGTGT ATGATGAGGT GTACGGCGAC GAGGACCTGC TTGAGCAGGC 18200 CAACGAGCGC CTCGGGGAGT TTGCCTACGG AAAGCGGCAT AAGGACATGC 18250 TGGCGTTGCC GCTGGACGAG GGCAACCCAA CACCTAGCCT AAAGCCCGTA 18300 ACACTGCAGC AGGTGCTGCC CGCGCTTGCA CCGTCCGAAG AAAAGCGCGG 18350 CCTAAAGCGC GAGTCTGGTG ACTTGGCACC CACCGTGCAG CTGATGGTAC 18400 CCAAGCGCCA GCGACTGGAA GATGTCTTGG AAAAAATGAC CGTGGAACCT 18450 GGGCTGGAGC CCGAGGTCCG CGTGCGGCCA ATCAAGCAGG TGGCGCCGGG 18500 ACTGGGCGTG CAGACCGTGG ACGTTCAGAT ACCCACTACC AGTAGCACCA 18550 GTATTGCCAC CGCCACAGAG GGCATGGAGA CACAAACGTC CCCGGTTGCC 18600 TCAGCGGTGG CGGATGCCGC GGTGCAGGCG GTCGCTGCGG CCGCGTCCAA 18650 GACCTCTACG GAGGTGCAAA CGGACCCGTG GATGTTTCGC GTTTCAGCCC 18700 CCCGGCGCCC GCGCGGTTCG AGGAAGTACG GCGCCGCCAG CGCGCTACTG 18750 CCCGAATATG CCCTACATCC TTCCATTGCG CCTACCCCCG GCTATCGTGG 18800 CTACACCTAC CGCCCCAGAA GACGAGCAAC TACCCGACGC CGAACCACCA 18850 CTGGAACCCG CCGCCGCCGT CGCCGTCGCC AGCCCGTGCT GGCCCCGATT 18900 TCCGTGCGCA GGGTGGCTCG CGAAGGAGGC AGGACCCTGG TGCTGCCAAC 18950 AGCGCGCTAC CACCCCAGCA TCGTTTAAAA GCCGGTCTTT GTGGTTCTTG 19000 CAGATATGGC CCTCACCTGC CGCCTCCGTT TCCCGGTGCC GGGATTCCGA 19050 GGAAGAATGC ACCGTAGGAG GGGCATGGCC GGCCACGGCC TGACGGGCGG 19100 CATGCGTCGT GCGCACCACC GGCGGCGGCG CGCGTCGCAC CGTCGCATGC 19150 GCGGCGGTAT CCTGCCCCTC CTTATTCCAC TGATCGCCGC GGCGATTGGC 19200 GCCGTGCCCG GAATTGCATC CGTGGCCTTG CAGGCGCAGA GACACTGATT 19250 AAAAACAAGT TGCATGTGGA AAAATCAAAA TAAAAAGTCT GGACTCTCAC 19300 GCTCGCTTGG TCCTGTAACT ATTTTGTAGA ATGGAAGACA TCAACTTTGC 19350 GTCTCTGGCC CCGCGACACG GCTCGCGCCC GTTCATGGGA AACTGGCAAG 19400 ATATCGGCAC CAGCAATATG AGCGGTGGCG CCTTCAGCTG GGGCTCGCTG 19450 TGGAGCGGCA TTAAAAATTT CGGTTCCACC GTTAAGAACT ATGGCAGCAA 19500 GGCCTGGAAC AGCAGCACAG GCCAGATGCT GAGGGATAAG TTGAAAGAGC 19550 AAAATTTCCA ACAAAAGGTG GTAGATGGCC TGGCCTCTGG CATTAGCGGG 19600 GTGGTGGACC TGGCCAACCA GGCAGTGCAA AATAAGATTA ACAGTAAGCT 19650 TGATCCCCGC CCTCCCGTAG AGGAGCCTCC ACCGGCCGTG GAGACAGTGT 19700 CTCCAGAGGG GCGTGGCGAA AAGCGTCCGC GCCCCGACAG GGAAGAAACT 19750 CTGGTGACGC AAATAGACGA GCCTCCCTCG TACGAGGAGG CACTAAAGCA 19800 AGGCCTGCCC ACCACCCGTC CCATCGCGCC CATGGCTACC GGAGTGCTGG 19850 GCCAGCACAC ACCCGTAACG CTGGACCTGC CTCCCCCCGC CGACACCCAG 19900 CAGAAACCTG TGCTGCCAGG CCCGACCGCC GTTGTTGTAA CCCGTCCTAG 19950 CCGCGCGTCC CTGCGCCGCG CCGCCAGCGG TCCGCGATCG TTGCGGCCCG 20000 TAGCCAGTGG CAACTGGCAA AGCACACTGA ACAGCATCGT GGGTCTGGGG 20050 GTGCAATCCC TGAAGCGCCG ACGATGCTTC TGAATAGCTA ACGTGTCGTA 20100 TGTGTGTCAT GTATGCGTCC ATGTCGCCGC CAGAGGAGCT GCTGAGCCGC 20150 CGCGCGCCCG CTTTCCAAGA TGGCTACCCC TTCGATGATG CCGCAGTGGT 20200 CTTACATGCA CATCTCGGGC CAGGACGCCT CGGAGTACCT GAGCCCCGGG 20250 CTGGTGCAGT TTGCCCGCGC CACCGAGACG TACTTCAGCC TGAATAACAA 20300 GTTTAGAAAC CCCACGGTGG CGCCTACGCA CGACGTGACC ACAGACCGGT 20350 CCCAGCGTTT GACGCTGCGG TTCATCCCTG TGGACCGTGA GGATACTGCG 20400 TACTCGTACA AGGCGCGGTT CACCCTAGCT GTGGGTGATA ACCGTGTGCT 20450 GGACATGGCT TCCACGTACT TTGACATCCG CGGCGTGCTG GACAGGGGCC 20500 CTACTTTTAA GCCCTACTCT GGCACTGCCT ACAACGCCCT GGCTCCCAAG 20550 GGTGCCCCAA ATCCTTGCGA ATGGGATGAA GCTGCTACTG CTCTTGAAAT 20600 AAACCTAGAA GAAGAGGACG ATGACAACGA AGACGAAGTA GACGAGCAAG 20650 CTGAGCAGCA AAAAACTCAC GTATTTGGGC AGGCGCCTTA TTCTGGTATA 20700 AATATTACAA AGGAGGGTAT TCAAATAGGT GTCGAAGGTC AAACACCTAA 20750 ATATGCCGAT AAAACATTTC AACCTGAACC TCAAATAGGA GAATCTCAGT 20800 GGTACGAAAC TGAAATTAAT CATGCAGCTG GGAGAGTCCT TAAAAAGACT 20850 ACCCCAATGA AACCATGTTA CGGTTCATAT GCAAAACCCA CAAATGAAAA 20900 TGGAGGGCAA GGCATTCTTG TAAAGCAACA AAATGGAAAG CTAGAAAGTC 20950 AAGTGGAAAT GCAATTTTTC TCAACTACTG AGGCGACCGC AGGCAATGGT 21000 GATAACTTGA CTCCTAAAGT GGTATTGTAC AGTGAAGATG TAGATATAGA 21050 AACCCCAGAC ACTCATATTT CTTACATGCC CACTATTAAG GAAGGTAACT 21100 CACGAGAACT AATGGGCCAA CAATCTATGC CCAACAGGCC TAATTACATT 21150 GCTTTTAGGG ACAATTTTAT TGGTCTAATG TATTACAACA GCACGGGTAA 21200 TATGGGTGTT CTGGCGGGCC AAGCATCGCA GTTGAATGCT GTTGTAGATT 21250 TGCAAGACAG AAACACAGAG CTTTCATACC AGCTTTTGCT TGATTCCATT 21300 GGTGATAGAA CCAGGTACTT TTCTATGTGG AATCAGGCTG TTGACAGCTA 21350 TGATCCAGAT GTTAGAATTA TTGAAAATCA TGGAACTGAA GATGAACTTC 21400 CAAATTACTG CTTTCCACTG GGAGGTGTGA TTAATACAGA GACTCTTACC 21450 AAGGTAAAAC CTAAAACAGG TCAGGAAAAT GGATGGGAAA AAGATGCTAC 21500 AGAATTTTCA GATAAAAATG AAATAAGAGT TGGAAATAAT TTTGCCATGG 21550 AAATCAATCT AAATGCCAAC CTGTGGAGAA ATTTCCTGTA CTCCAACATA 21600 GCGCTGTATT TGCCCGACAA GCTAAAGTAC AGTCCTTCCA ACGTAAAAAT 21650 TTCTGATAAC CCAAACACCT ACGACTACAT GAACAAGCGA GTGGTGGCTC 21700 CCGGGTTAGT GGACTGCTAC ATTAACCTTG GAGCACGCTG GTCCCTTGAC 21750 TATATGGACA ACGTCAACCC ATTTAACCAC CACCGCAATG CTGGCCTGCG 21800 CTACCGCTCA ATGTTGCTGG GCAATGGTCG CTATGTGCCC TTCCACATCC 21850 AGGTGCCTCA GAAGTTCTTT GCCATTAAAA ACCTCCTTCT CCTGCCGGGC 21900 TCATACACCT ACGAGTGGAA CTTCAGGAAG GATGTTAACA TGGTTCTGCA 21950 GAGCTCCCTA GGAAATGACC TAAGGGTTGA CGGAGCCAGC ATTAAGTTTG 22000 ATAGCATTTG CCTTTACGCC ACCTTCTTCC CCATGGCCCA CAACACCGCC 22050 TCCACGCTTG AGGCCATGCT TAGAAACGAC ACCAACGACC AGTCCTTTAA 22100 CGACTATCTC TCCGCCGCCA ACATGCTCTA CCCTATACCC GCCAACGCTA 22150 CCAACGTGCC CATATCCATC CCCTCCCGCA ACTGGGCGGC TTTCCGCGGC 22200 TGGGCCTTCA CGCGCCTTAA GACTAAGGAA ACCCCATCAC TGGGCTCGGG 22250 CTACGACCCT TATTACACCT ACTCTGGCTC TATACCCTAC CTAGATGGAA 22300 CCTTTTACCT CAACCACACC TTTAAGAAGG TGGCCATTAC CTTTGACTCT 22350 TCTGTCAGCT GGCCTGGCAA TGACCGCCTG CTTACCCCCA ACGAGTTTGA 22400 AATTAAGCGC TCAGTTGACG GGGAGGGTTA CAACGTTGCC CAGTGTAACA 22450 TGACCAAAGA CTGGTTCCTG GTACAAATGC TAGCTAACTA CAACATTGGC 22500 TACCAGGGCT TCTATATCCC AGAGAGCTAC AAGGACCGCA TGTACTCCTT 22550 CTTTAGAAAC TTCCAGCCCA TGAGCCGTCA GGTGGTGGAT GATACTAAAT 22600 ACAAGGACTA CCAACAGGTG GGCATCCTAC ACCAACACAA CAACTCTGGA 22650 TTTGTTGGCT ACCTTGCCCC CACCATGCGC GAAGGACAGG CCTACCCTGC 22700 TAACTTCCCC TATCCGCTTA TAGGCAAGAC CGCAGTTGAC AGCATTACCC 22750 AGAAAAAGTT TCTTTGCGAT CGCACCCTTT GGCGCATCCC ATTCTCCAGT 22800 AACTTTATGT CCATGGGCGC ACTCACAGAC CTGGGCCAAA ACCTTCTCTA 22850 CGCCAACTCC GCCCACGCGC TAGACATGAC TTTTGAGGTG GATCCCATGG 22900 ACGAGCCCAC CCTTCTTTAT GTTTTGTTTG AAGTCTTTGA CGTGGTCCGT 22950 GTGCACCGGC CGCACCGCGG CGTCATCGAA ACCGTGTACC TGCGCACGCC 23000 CTTCTCGGCC GGCAACGCCA CAACATAAAG AAGCAAGCAA CATCAACAAC 23050 AGCTGCCGCC ATGGGCTCCA GTGAGCAGGA ACTGAAAGCC ATTGTCAAAG 23100 ATCTTGGTTG TGGGCCATAT TTTTTGGGCA CCTATGACAA GCGCTTTCCA 23150 GGCTTTGTTT CTCCACACAA GCTCGCCTGC GCCATAGTCA ATACGGCCGG 23200 TCGCGAGACT GGGGGCGTAC ACTGGATGGC CTTTGCCTGG AACCCGCACT 23250 CAAAAACATG CTACCTCTTT GAGCCCTTTG GCTTTTCTGA CCAGCGACTC 23300 AAGCAGGTTT ACCAGTTTGA GTACGAGTCA CTCCTGCGCC GTAGCGCCAT 23350 TGCTTCTTCC CCCGACCGCT GTATAACGCT GGAAAAGTCC ACCCAAAGCG 23400 TACAGGGGCC CAACTCGGCC GCCTGTGGAC TATTCTGCTG CATGTTTCTC 23450 CACGCCTTTG CCAACTGGCC CCAAACTCCC ATGGATCACA ACCCCACCAT 23500 GAACCTTATT ACCGGGGTAC CCAACTCCAT GCTCAACAGT CCCCAGGTAC 23550 AGCCCACCCT GCGTCGCAAC CAGGAACAGC TCTACAGCTT CCTGGAGCGC 23600 CACTCGCCCT ACTTCCGCAG CCACAGTGCG CAGATTAGGA GCGCCACTTC 23650 TTTTTGTCAC TTGAAAAACA TGTAAAAATA ATGTACTAGA GACACTTTCA 23700 ATAAAGGCAA ATGCTTTTAT TTGTACACTC TCGGGTGATT ATTTACCCCC 23750 ACCCTTGCCG TCTGCGCCGT TTAAAAATCA AAGGGGTTCT GCCGCGCATC 23800 GCTATGCGCC ACTGGCAGGG ACACGTTGCG ATACTGGTGT TTAGTGCTCC 23850 ACTTAAACTC AGGCACAACC ATCCGCGGCA GCTCGGTGAA GTTTTCACTC 23900 CACAGGCTGC GCACCATCAC CAACGCGTTT AGCAGGTCGG GCGCCGATAT 23950 CTTGAAGTCG CAGTTGGGGC CTCCGCCCTG CGCGCGCGAG TTGCGATACA 24000 CAGGGTTGCA GCACTGGAAC ACTATCAGCG CCGGGTGGTG CACGCTGGCC 24050 AGCACGCTCT TGTCGGAGAT CAGATCCGCG TCCAGGTCCT CCGCGTTGCT 24100 CAGGGCGAAC GGAGTCAACT TTGGTAGCTG CCTTCCCAAA AAGGGCGCGT 24150 GCCCAGGCTT TGAGTTGCAC TCGCACCGTA GTGGCATCAA AAGGTGACCG 24200 TGCCCGGTCT GGGCGTTAGG ATACAGCGCC TGCATAAAAG CCTTGATCTG 24250 CTTAAAAGCC ACCTGAGCCT TTGCGCCTTC AGAGAAGAAC ATGCCGCAAG 24300 ACTTGCCGGA AAACTGATTG GCCGGACAGG CCGCGTCGTG CACGCAGCAC 24350 CTTGCGTCGG TGTTGGAGAT CTGCACCACA TTTCGGCCCC ACCGGTTCTT 24400 CACGATCTTG GCCTTGCTAG ACTGCTCCTT CAGCGCGCGC TGCCCGTTTT 24450 CGCTCGTCAC ATCCATTTCA ATCACGTGCT CCTTATTTAT CATAATGCTT 24500 CCGTGTAGAC ACTTAAGCTC GCCTTCGATC TCAGCGCAGC GGTGCAGCCA 24550 CAACGCGCAG CCCGTGGGCT CGTGATGCTT GTAGGTCACC TCTGCAAACG 24600 ACTGCAGGTA CGCCTGCAGG AATCGCCCCA TCATCGTCAC AAAGGTCTTG 24650 TTGCTGGTGA AGGTCAGCTG CAACCCGCGG TGCTCCTCGT TCAGCCAGGT 24700 CTTGCATACG GCCGCCAGAG CTTCCACTTG GTCAGGCAGT AGTTTGAAGT 24750 TCGCCTTTAG ATCGTTATCC ACGTGGTACT TGTCCATCAG CGCGCGCGCA 24800 GCCTCCATGC CCTTCTCCCA CGCAGACACG ATCGGCACAC TCAGCGGGTT 24850 CATCACCGTA ATTTCACTTT CCGCTTCGCT GGGCTCTTCC TCTTCCTCTT 24900 GCGTCCGCAT ACCACGCGCC ACTGGGTCGT CTTCATTCAG CCGCCGCACT 24950 GTGCGCTTAC CTCCTTTGCC ATGCTTGATT AGCACCGGTG GGTTGCTGAA 25000 ACCCACCATT TGTAGCGCCA CATCTTCTCT TTCTTCCTCG CTGTCCACGA 25050 TTACCTCTGG TGATGGCGGG CGCTCGGGCT TGGGAGAAGG GCGCTTCTTT 25100 TTCTTCTTGG GCGCAATGGC CAAATCCGCC GCCGAGGTCG ATGGCCGCGG 25150 GCTGGGTGTG CGCGGCACCA GCGCGTCTTG TGATGAGTCT TCCTCGTCCT 25200 CGGACTCGAT ACGCCGCCTC ATCCGCTTTT TTGGGGGCGC CCGGGGAGGC 25250 GGCGGCGACG GGGACGGGGA CGACACGTCC TCCATGGTTG GGGGACGTCG 25300 CGCCGCACCG CGTCCGCGCT CGGGGGTGGT TTCGCGCTGC TCCTCTTCCC 25350 GACTGGCCAT TTCCTTCTCC TATAGGCAGA AAAAGATCAT GGAGTCAGTC 25400 GAGAAGAAGG ACAGCCTAAC CGCCCCCTCT GAGTTCGCCA CCACCGCCTC 25450 CACCGATGCC GCCAACGCGC CTACCACCTT CCCCGTCGAG GCACCCCCGC 25500 TTGAGGAGGA GGAAGTGATT ATCGAGCAGG ACCCAGGTTT TGTAAGCGAA 25550 GACGACGAGG ACCGCTCAGT ACCAACAGAG GATAAAAAGC AAGACCAGGA 25600 CAACGCAGAG GCAAACGAGG AACAAGTCGG GCGGGGGGAC GAAAGGCATG 25650 GCGACTACCT AGATGTGGGA GACGACGTGC TGTTGAAGCA TCTGCAGCGC 25700 CAGTGCGCCA TTATCTGCGA CGCGTTGCAA GAGCGCAGCG ATGTGCCCCT 25750 CGCCATAGCG GATGTCAGCC TTGCCTACGA ACGCCACCTA TTCTCACCGC 25800 GCGTACCCCC CAAACGCCAA GAAAACGGCA CATGCGAGCC CAACCCGCGC 25850 CTCAACTTCT ACCCCGTATT TGCCGTGCCA GAGGTGCTTG CCACCTATCA 25900 CATCTTTTTC CAAAACTGCA AGATACCCCT ATCCTGCCGT GCCAACCGCA 25950 GCCGAGCGGA CAAGCAGCTG GCCTTGCGGC AGGGCGCTGT CATACCTGAT 26000 ATCGCCTCGC TCAACGAAGT GCCAAAAATC TTTGAGGGTC TTGGACGCGA 26050 CGAGAAGCGC GCGGCAAACG CTCTGCAACA GGAAAACAGC GAAAATGAAA 26100 GTCACTCTGG AGTGTTGGTG GAACTCGAGG GTGACAACGC GCGCCTAGCC 26150 GTACTAAAAC GCAGCATCGA GGTCACCCAC TTTGCCTACC CGGCACTTAA 26200 CCTACCCCCC AAGGTCATGA GCACAGTCAT GAGTGAGCTG ATCGTGCGCC 26250 GTGCGCAGCC CCTGGAGAGG GATGCAAATT TGCAAGAACA AACAGAGGAG 26300 GGCCTACCCG CAGTTGGCGA CGAGCAGCTA GCGCGCTGGC TTCAAACGCG 26350 CGAGCCTGCC GACTTGGAGG AGCGACGCAA ACTAATGATG GCCGCAGTGC 26400 TCGTTACCGT GGAGCTTGAG TGCATGCAGC GGTTCTTTGC TGACCCGGAG 26450 ATGCAGCGCA AGCTAGAGGA AACATTGCAC TACACCTTTC GACAGGGCTA 26500 CGTACGCCAG GCCTGCAAGA TCTCCAACGT GGAGCTCTGC AACCTGGTCT 26550 CCTACCTTGG AATTTTGCAC GAAAACCGCC TTGGGCAAAA CGTGCTTCAT 26600 TCCACGCTCA AGGGCGAGGC GCGCCGCGAC TACGTCCGCG ACTGCGTTTA 26650 CTTATTTCTA TGCTACACCT GGCAGACGGC CATGGGCGTT TGGCAGCAGT 26700 GCTTGGAGGA GTGCAACCTC AAGGAGCTGC AGAAACTGCT AAAGCAAAAC 26750 TTGAAGGACC TATGGACGGC CTTCAACGAG CGCTCCGTGG CCGCGCACCT 26800 GGCGGACATC ATTTTCCCCG AACGCCTGCT TAAAACCCTG CAACAGGGTC 26850 TGCCAGACTT CACCAGTCAA AGCATGTTGC AGAACTTTAG GAACTTTATC 26900 CTAGAGCGCT CAGGAATCTT GCCCGCCACC TGCTGTGCAC TTCCTAGCGA 26950 CTTTGTGCCC ATTAAGTACC GCGAATGCCC TCCGCCGCTT TGGGGCCACT 27000 GCTACCTTCT GCAGCTAGCC AACTACCTTG CCTACCACTC TGACATAATG 27050 GAAGACGTGA GCGGTGACGG TCTACTGGAG TGTCACTGTC GCTGCAACCT 27100 ATGCACCCCG CACCGCTCCC TGGTTTGCAA TTCGCAGCTG CTTAACGAAA 27150 GTCAAATTAT CGGTACCTTT GAGCTGCAGG GTCCCTCGCC TGACGAAAAG 27200 TCCGCGGCTC CGGGGTTGAA ACTCACTCCG GGGCTGTGGA CGTCGGCTTA 27250 CCTTCGCAAA TTTGTACCTG AGGACTACCA CGCCCACGAG ATTAGGTTCT 27300 ACGAAGACCA ATCCCGCCCG CCAAATGCGG AGCTTACCGC CTGCGTCATT 27350 ACCCAGGGCC ACATTCTTGG CCAATTGCAA GCCATCAACA AAGCCCGCCA 27400 AGAGTTTCTG CTACGAAAGG GACGGGGGGT TTACTTGGAC CCCCAGTCCG 27450 GCGAGGAGCT CAACCCAATC CCCCCGCCGC CGCAGCCCTA TCAGCAGCAG 27500 CCGCGGGCCC TTGCTTCCCA GGATGGCACC CAAAAAGAAG CTGCAGCTGC 27550 CGCCGCCACC CACGGACGAG GAGGAATACT GGGACAGTCA GGCAGAGGAG 27600 GTTTTGGACG AGGAGGAGGA GGACATGATG GAAGACTGGG AGAGCCTAGA 27650 CGAGGAAGCT TCCGAGGTCG AAGAGGTGTC AGACGAAACA CCGTCACCCT 27700 CGGTCGCATT CCCCTCGCCG GCGCCCCAGA AATCGGCAAC CGGTTCCAGC 27750 ATGGCTACAA CCTCCGCTCC TCAGGCGCCG CCGGCACTGC CCGTTCGCCG 27800 ACCCAACCGT AGATGGGACA CCACTGGAAC CAGGGCCGGT AAGTCCAAGC 27850 AGCCGCCGCC GTTAGCCCAA GAGCAACAAC AGCGCCAAGG CTACCGCTCA 27900 TGGCGCGGGC ACAAGAACGC CATAGTTGCT TGCTTGCAAG ACTGTGGGGG 27950 CAACATCTCC TTCGCCCGCC GCTTTCTTCT CTACCATCAC GGCGTGGCCT 28000 TCCCCCGTAA CATCCTGCAT TACTACCGTC ATCTCTACAG CCCATACTGC 28050 ACCGGCGGCA GCGGCAGCGG CAGCAACAGC AGCGGCCACA CAGAAGCAAA 28100 GGCGACCGGA TAGCAAGACT CTGACAAAGC CCAAGAAATC CACAGCGGCG 28150 GCAGCAGCAG GAGGAGGAGC GCTGCGTCTG GCGCCCAACG AACCCGTATC 28200 GACCCGCGAG CTTAGAAACA GGATTTTTCC CACTCTGTAT GCTATATTTC 28250 AACAGAGCAG GGGCCAAGAA CAAGAGCTGA AAATAAAAAA CAGGTCTCTG 28300 CGATCCCTCA CCCGCAGCTG CCTGTATCAC AAAAGCGAAG ATCAGCTTCG 28350 GCGCACGCTG GAAGACGCGG AGGCTCTCTT CAGTAAATAC TGCGCGCTGA 28400 CTCTTAAGGA CTAGTTTCGC GCCCTTTCTC AAATTTAAGC GCGAAAACTA 28450 CGTCATCTCC AGCGGCCACA CCCGGCGCCA GCACCTGTCG TCAGCGCCAT 28500 TATGAGCAAG GAAATTCCCA CGCCCTACAT GTGGAGTTAC CAGCCACAAA 28550 TGGGACTTGC GGCTGGAGCT GCCCAAGACT ACTCAACCCG AATAAACTAC 28600 ATGAGCGCGG GACCCCACAT GATATCCCGG GTCAACGGAA TCCGCGCCCA 28650 CCGAAACCGA ATTCTCTTGG AACAGGCGGC TATTACCACC ACACCTCGTA 28700 ATAACCTTAA TCCCCGTAGT TGGCCCGCTG CCCTGGTGTA CCAGGAAAGT 28750 CCCGCTCCCA CCACTGTGGT ACTTCCCAGA GACGCCCAGG CCGAAGTTCA 28800 GATGACTAAC TCAGGGGCGC AGCTTGCGGG CGGCTTTCGT CACAGGGTGC 28850 GGTCGCCCGG GCAGGGTATA ACTCACCTGA CAATCAGAGG GCGAGGTATT 28900 CAGCTCAACG ACGAGTCGGT GAGCTCCTCG CTTGGTCTCC GTCCGGACGG 28950 GACATTTCAG ATCGGCGGCG CCGGCCGTCC TTCATTCACG CCTCGTCAGG 29000 CAATCCTAAC TCTGCAGACC TCGTCCTCTG AGCCGCGCTC TGGAGGCATT 29050 GGAACTCTGC AATTTATTGA GGAGTTTGTG CCATCGGTCT ACTTTAACCC 29100 CTTCTCGGGA CCTCCCGGCC ACTATCCGGA TCAATTTATT CCTAACTTTG 29150 ACGCGGTAAA GGACTCGGCG GACGGCTACG ACTGAATGTT AAGTGGAGAG 29200 GCAGAGCAAC TGCGCCTGAA ACACCTGGTC CACTGTCGCC GCCACAAGTG 29250 CTTTGCCCGC GACTCCGGTG AGTTTTGCTA CTTTGAATTG CCCGAGGATC 29300 ATATCGAGGG CCCGGCGCAC GGCGTCCGGC TTACCGCCCA GGGAGAGCTT 29350 GCCCGTAGCC TGATTCGGGA GTTTACCCAG CGCCCCCTGC TAGTTGAGCG 29400 GGACAGGGGA CCCTGTGTTC TCACTGTGAT TTGCAACTGT CCTAACCTTG 29450 GATTACATCA AGATCTTTGT TGCCATCTCT GTGCTGAGTA TAATAAATAC 29500 AGAAATTAAA ATATACTGGG GCTCCTATCG CCATCCTGTA AACGCCACCG 29550 TCTTCACCCG CCCAAGCAAA CCAAGGCGAA CCTTACCTGG TACTTTTAAC 29600 ATCTCTCCCT CTGTGATTTA CAACAGTTTC AACCCAGACG GAGTGAGTCT 29650 ACGAGAGAAC CTCTCCGAGC TCAGCTACTC CATCAGAAAA AACACCACCC 29700 TCCTTACCTG CCGGGAACGT ACGAGTGCGT CACCGGCCGC TGCACCACAC 29750 CTACCGCCTG ACCGTAAACC AGACTTTTTC CGGACAGACC TCAATAACTC 29800 TGTTTACCAG AACAGGAGGT GAGCTTAGAA AACCCTTAGG GTATTAGGCC 29850 AAAGGCGCAG CTACTGTGGG GTTTATGAAC AATTCAAGCA ACTCTACGGG 29900 CTATTCTAAT TCAGGTTTCT CTAGAATCGG GGTTGGGGTT ATTCTCTGTC 29950 TTGTGATTCT CTTTATTCTT ATACTAACGC TTCTCTGCCT AAGGCTCGCC 30000 GCCTGCTGTG TGCACATTTG CATTTATTGT CAGCTTTTTA AACGCTGGGG 30050 TCGCCACCCA AGATGATTAG GTACATAATC CTAGGTTTAC TCACCCTTGC 30100 GTCAGCCCAC GGTACCACCC AAAAGGTGGA TTTTAAGGAG CCAGCCTGTA 30150 ATGTTACATT CGCAGCTGAA GCTAATGAGT GCACCACTCT TATAAAATGC 30200 ACCACAGAAC ATGAAAAGCT GCTTATTCGC CACAAAAACA AAATTGGCAA 30250 GTATGCTGTT TATGCTATTT GGCAGCCAGG TGACACTACA GAGTATAATG 30300 TTACAGTTTT CCAGGGTAAA AGTCATAAAA CTTTTATGTA TACTTTTCCA 30350 TTTTATGAAA TGTGCGACAT TACCATGTAC ATGAGCAAAC AGTATAAGTT 30400 GTGGCCCCCA CAAAATTGTG TGGAAAACAC TGGCACTTTC TGCTGCACTG 30450 CTATGCTAAT TACAGTGCTC GCTTTGGTCT GTACCCTACT CTATATTAAA 30500 TACAAAAGCA GACGCAGCTT TATTGAGGAA AAGAAAATGC CTTAATTTAC 30550 TAAGTTACAA AGCTAATGTC ACCACTAACT GCTTTACTCG CTGCTTGCAA 30600 AACAAATTCA AAAAGTTAGC ATTATAATTA GAATAGGATT TAAACCCCCC 30650 GGTCATTTCC TGCTCAATAC CATTCCCCTG AACAATTGAC TCTATGTGGG 30700 ATATGCTCCA GCGCTACAAC CTTGAAGTCA GGCTTCCTGG ATGTCAGCAT 30750 CTGACTTTGG CCAGCACCTG TCCCGCGGAT TTGTTCCAGT CCAACTACAG 30800 CGACCCACCC TAACAGAGAT GACCAACACA ACCAACGCGG CCGCCGCTAC 30850 CGGACTTACA TCTACCACAA ATACACCCCA AGTTTCTGCC TTTGTCAATA 30900 ACTGGGATAA CTTGGGCATG TGGTGGTTCT CCATAGCGCT TATGTTTGTA 30950 TGCCTTATTA TTATGTGGCT CATCTGCTGC CTAAAGCGCA AACGCGCCCG 31000 ACCACCCATC TATAGTCCCA TCATTGTGCT ACACCCAAAC AATGATGGAA 31050 TCCATAGATT GGACGGACTG AAACACATGT TCTTTTCTCT TACAGTATGA 31100 TTAAATGAGA CATGATTCCT CGAGTTTTTA TATTACTGAC CCTTGTTGCG 31150 CTTTTTTGTG CGTGCTCCAC ATTGGCTGCG GTTTCTCACA TCGAAGTAGA 31200 CTGCATTCCA GCCTTCACAG TCTATTTGCT TTACGGATTT GTCACCCTCA 31250 CGCTCATCTG CAGCCTCATC ACTGTGGTCA TCGCCTTTAT CCAGTGCATT 31300 GACTGGGTCT GTGTGCGCTT TGCATATCTC AGACACCATC CCCAGTACAG 31350 GGACAGGACT ATAGCTGAGC TTCTTAGAAT TCTTTAATTA TGAAATTTAC 31400 TGTGACTTTT CTGCTGATTA TTTGCACCCT ATCTGCGTTT TGTTCCCCGA 31450 CCTCCAAGCC TCAAAGACAT ATATCATGCA GATTCACTCG TATATGGAAT 31500 ATTCCAAGTT GCTACAATGA AAAAAGCGAT CTTTCCGAAG CCTGGTTATA 31550 TGCAATCATC TCTGTTATGG TGTTCTGCAG TACCATCTTA GCCCTAGCTA 31600 TATATCCCTA CCTTGACATT GGCTGGAAAC GAATAGATGC CATGAACCAC 31650 CCAACTTTCC CCGCGCCCGC TATGCTTCCA CTGCAACAAG TTGTTGCCGG 31700 CGGCTTTGTC CCAGCCAATC AGCCTCGCCC CACTTCTCCC ACCCCCACTG 31750 AAATCAGCTA CTTTAATCTA ACAGGAGGAG ATGACTGACA CCCTAGATCT 31800 AGAAATGGAC GGAATTATTA CAGAGCAGCG CCTGCTAGAA AGACGCAGGG 31850 CAGCGGCCGA GCAACAGCGC ATGAATCAAG AGCTCCAAGA CATGGTTAAC 31900 TTGCACCAGT GCAAAAGGGG TATCTTTTGT CTGGTAAAGC AGGCCAAAGT 31950 CACCTACGAC AGTAATACCA CCGGACACCG CCTTAGCTAC AAGTTGCCAA 32000 CCAAGCGTCA GAAATTGGTG GTCATGGTGG GAGAAAAGCC CATTACCATA 32050 ACTCAGCACT CGGTAGAAAC CGAAGGCTGC ATTCACTCAC CTTGTCAAGG 32100 ACCTGAGGAT CTCTGCACCC TTATTAAGAC CCTGTGCGGT CTCAAAGATC 32150 TTATTCCCTT TAACTAATAA AAAAAAATAA TAAAGCATCA CTTACTTAAA 32200 ATCAGTTAGC AAATTTCTGT CCAGTTTATT CAGCAGCACC TCCTTGCCCT 32250 CCTCCCAGCT CTGGTATTGC AGCTTCCTCC TGGCTGCAAA CTTTCTCCAC 32300 AATCTAAATG GAATGTCAGT TTCCTCCTGT TCCTGTCCAT CCGCACCCAC 32350 TATCTTCATG TTGTTGCAGA TGAAGCGCGC AAGACCGTCT GAAGATACCT 32400 TCAACCCCGT GTATCCATAT GACACGGAAA CCGGTCCTCC AACTGTGCCT 32450 TTTCTTACTC CTCCCTTTGT ATCCCCCAAT GGGTTTCAAG AGAGTCCCCC 32500 TGGGGTACTC TCTTTGCGCC TATCCGAACC TCTAGTTACC TCCAATGGCA 32550 TGCTTGCGCT CAAAATGGGC AACGGCCTCT CTCTGGACGA GGCCGGCAAC 32600 CTTACCTCCC AAAATGTAAC CACTGTGAGC CCACCTCTCA AAAAAACCAA 32650 GTCAAACATA AACCTGGAAA TATCTGCACC CCTCACAGTT ACCTCAGAAG 32700 CCCTAACTGT GGCTGCCGCC GCACCTCTAA TGGTCGCGGG CAACACACTC 32750 ACCATGCAAT CACAGGCCCC GCTAACCGTG CACGACTCCA AACTTAGCAT 32800 TGCCACCCAA GGACCCCTCA CAGTGTCAGA AGGAAAGCTA GCCCTGCAAA 32850 CATCAGGCCC CCTCACCACC ACCGATAGCA GTACCCTTAC TATCACTGCC 32900 TCACCCCCTC TAACTACTGC CACTGGTAGC TTGGGCATTG ACTTGAAAGA 32950 GCCCATTTAT ACACAAAATG GAAAACTAGG ACTAAAGTAC GGGGCTCCTT 33000 TGCATGTAAC AGACGACCTA AACACTTTGA CCGTAGCAAC TGGTCCAGGT 33050 GTGACTATTA ATAATACTTC CTTGCAAACT AAAGTTACTG GAGCCTTGGG 33100 TTTTGATTCA CAAGGCAATA TGCAACTTAA TGTAGCAGGA GGACTAAGGA 33150 TTGATTCTCA AAACAGACGC CTTATACTTG ATGTTAGTTA TCCGTTTGAT 33200 GCTCAAAACC AACTAAATCT AAGACTAGGA CAGGGCCCTC TTTTTATAAA 33250 CTCAGCCCAC AACTTGGATA TTAACTACAA CAAAGGCCTT TACTTGTTTA 33300 CAGCTTCAAA CAATTCCAAA AAGCTTGAGG TTAACCTAAG CACTGCCAAG 33350 GGGTTGATGT TTGACGCTAC AGCCATAGCC ATTAATGCAG GAGATGGGCT 33400 TGAATTTGGT TCACCTAATG CACCAAACAC AAATCCCCTC AAAACAAAAA 33450 TTGGCCATGG CCTAGAATTT GATTCAAACA AGGCTATGGT TCCTAAACTA 33500 GGAACTGGCC TTAGTTTTGA CAGCACAGGT GCCATTACAG TAGGAAACAA 33550 AAATAATGAT AAGCTAACTT TGTGGACCAC ACCAGCTCCA TCTCCTAACT 33600 GTAGACTAAA TGCAGAGAAA GATGCTAAAC TCACTTTGGT CTTAACAAAA 33650 TGTGGCAGTC AAATACTTGC TACAGTTTCA GTTTTGGCTG TTAAAGGCAG 33700 TTTGGCTCCA ATATCTGGAA CAGTTCAAAG TGCTCATCTT ATTATAAGAT 33750 TTGACGAAAA TGGAGTGCTA CTAAACAATT CCTTCCTGGA CCCAGAATAT 33800 TGGAACTTTA GAAATGGAGA TCTTACTGAA GGCACAGCCT ATACAAACGC 33850 TGTTGGATTT ATGCCTAACC TATCAGCTTA TCCAAAATCT CACGGTAAAA 33900 CTGCCAAAAG TAACATTGTC AGTCAAGTTT ACTTAAACGG AGACAAAACT 33950 AAACCTGTAA CACTAACCAT TACACTAAAC GGTACACAGG AAACAGGAGA 34000 CACAACTCCA AGTGCATACT CTATGTCATT TTCATGGGAC TGGTCTGGCC 34050 ACAACTACAT TAATGAAATA TTTGCCACAT CCTCTTACAC TTTTTCATAC 34100 ATTGCCCAAG AATAAAGAAT CGTTTGTGTT ATGTTTCAAC GTGTTTATTT 34150 TTCAATTGCA GAAAATTTCA AGTCATTTTT CATTCAGTAG TATAGCCCCA 34200 CCACCACATA GCTTATACAG ATCACCGTAC CTTAATCAAA CTCACAGAAC 34250 CCTAGTATTC AACCTGCCAC CTCCCTCCCA ACACACAGAG TACACAGTCC 34300 TTTCTCCCCG GCTGGCCTTA AAAAGCATCA TATCATGGGT AACAGACATA 34350 TTCTTAGGTG TTATATTCCA CACGGTTTCC TGTCGAGCCA AACGCTCATC 34400 AGTGATATTA ATAAACTGGC GGCGATATAA AATGCAAGGT GCTGCTCAAA 34450 AAATCAGGCA AAGCCTCGCG CAAAAAAGAA AGCACATCGT AGTCATGCTC 34500 ATGCAGATAA AGGCAGGTAA GCTCCGGAAC CACCACAGAA AAAGACACCA 34550 TTTTTCTCTC AAACATGTCT GCGGGTTTCT GCATAAACAC AAAATAAAAT 34600 AACAAAAAAA CATTTAAACA TTAGAAGCCT GTCTTACAAC AGGAAAAACA 34650 ACCCTTATAA GCATAAGACG GACTACGGCC ATGCCGGCGT GACCGTAAAA 34700 AAACTGGTCA CCGTGATTAA AAAGCACCAC CGACAGCTCC TCGGTCATGT 34750 CCGGAGTCAT AATGTAAGAC TCGGTAAACA CATCAGGTTG ATTCATCGGT 34800 CAGTGCTAAA AAGCGACCGA AATAGCCCGG GGGAATACAT ACCCGCAGGC 34850 GTAGAGACAA CATTACAGCC CCCATAGGAG GTATAACAAA ATTAATAGGA 34900 GAGAAAAACA CATAAACACC TGAAAAACCC TCCTGCCTAG GCAAAATAGC 34950 ACCCTCCCGC TCCAGAACAA CATACAGCGC TTCACAGCGG CAGCCTAACA 35000 GTCAGCCTTA CCAGTAAAAA AGAAAACCTA TTAAAAAAAC ACCACTCGAC 35050 ACGGCACCAG CTCAATCAGT CACAGTGTAA AAAAGGGCCA AGTGCAGAGC 35100 GAGTATATAT AGGACTAAAA AATGACGTAA CGGTTAAAGT CCACAAAAAA 35150 CACCCAGAAA ACCGCACGCG AACCTACGCC CAGAAACGAA AGCCAAAAAA 35200 CCCACAACTT CCTCAAATCG TCACTTCCGT TTTCCCACGT TACGTAACTT 35250 CCCATTTTAA GAAAACTACA ATTCCCAACA CATACAAGTT ACTCCGCCCT 35300 AAAACCTACG TCACCCGCCC CGTTCCCACG CCCCGCGCCA CGTCACAAAC 35350 TCCACCCCCT CATTATCATA TTGGCTTCAA TCCAAAATAA GGTATATTAT 35400 TGATGATG 35408 8509 base pairs nucleic acid double Not Relevant cDNA not provided 4 GCCCAATACG CAAACCGCCT CTCCCCGCGC GTTGGCCGAT TCATTAATGC 50 AGCTGCGCGC TCGCTCGCTC ACTGAGGCCG CCCGGGCAAA GCCCGGGCGT 100 CGGGCGACCT TTGGTCGCCC GGCCTCAGTG AGCGAGCGAG CGCGCAGAGA 150 GGGAGTGGCC AACTCCATCA CTAGGGGTTC CTTGTAGTTA ATGATTAACC 200 CGCCATGCTA CTTATCTACG TAGCCATTCT CTAGCCCCTG CAGGTCGTTA 250 CATAACTTAC GGTAAATGGC CCGCCTGGCT GACCGCCCAA CGACCCCCGC 300 CCATTGACGT CAATAATGAC GTATGTTCCC ATAGTAACGC CAATAGGGAC 350 TTTCCATTGA CGTCAATGGG TGGAGTATTT ACGGTAAACT GCCCACTTGG 400 CAGTACATCA AGTGTATCAT ATGCCAAGTA CGCCCCCTAT TGACGTCAAT 450 GACGGTAAAT GGCCCGCCTG GCATTATGCC CAGTACATGA CCTTATGGGA 500 CTTTCCTACT TGGCAGTACA TCTACGTATT AGTCATCGCT ATTACCATGG 550 TGATGCGGTT TTGGCAGTAC ATCAATGGGC GTGGATAGCG GTTTGACTCA 600 CGGGGATTTC CAAGTCTCCA CCCCATTGAC GTCAATGGGA GTTTGTTTTG 650 GCACCAAAAT CAACGGGACT TTCCAAAATG TCGTAACAAC TCCGCCCCAT 700 TGACGCAAAT GGGCGGTAGG CGTGTACGGT GGGAGGTCTA TATAAGCAGA 750 GCTCGTTTAG TGAACCGTCA GATCGCCTGG AGACGCCATC CACGCTGTTT 800 TGACCTCCAT AGAAGACACC GGGACCGATC CAGCCTCCGG ACTCTAGAGG 850 ATCCGGTACT CGAGGAACTG AAAAACCAGA AAGTTAACTG GTAAGTTTAG 900 TCTTTTTGTC TTTTATTTCA GGTCCCGGAT CCGGTGGTGG TGCAAATCAA 950 AGAACTGCTC CTCAGTGGAT GTTGCCTTTA CTTCTAGGCC TGTACGGAAG 1000 TGTTACTTCT GCTCTAAAAG CTGCGGAATT GTACCCGCGG CCGCAATTCC 1050 CGGGGATCGA AAGAGCCTGC TAAAGCAAAA AAGAAGTCAC CATGTCGTTT 1100 ACTTTGACCA ACAAGAACGT GATTTTCGTT GCCGGTCTGG GAGGCATTGG 1150 TCTGGACACC AGCAAGGAGC TGCTCAAGCG CGATCCCGTC GTTTTACAAC 1200 GTCGTGACTG GGAAAACCCT GGCGTTACCC AACTTAATCG CCTTGCAGCA 1250 CATCCCCCTT TCGCCAGCTG GCGTAATAGC GAAGAGGCCC GCACCGATCG 1300 CCCTTCCCAA CAGTTGCGCA GCCTGAATGG CGAATGGCGC TTTGCCTGGT 1350 TTCCGGCACC AGAAGCGGTG CCGGAAAGCT GGCTGGAGTG CGATCTTCCT 1400 GAGGCCGATA CTGTCGTCGT CCCCTCAAAC TGGCAGATGC ACGGTTACGA 1450 TGCGCCCATC TACACCAACG TAACCTATCC CATTACGGTC AATCCGCCGT 1500 TTGTTCCCAC GGAGAATCCG ACGGGTTGTT ACTCGCTCAC ATTTAATGTT 1550 GATGAAAGCT GGCTACAGGA AGGCCAGACG CGAATTATTT TTGATGGCGT 1600 TAACTCGGCG TTTCATCTGT GGTGCAACGG GCGCTGGGTC GGTTACGGCC 1650 AGGACAGTCG TTTGCCGTCT GAATTTGACC TGAGCGCATT TTTACGCGCC 1700 GGAGAAAACC GCCTCGCGGT GATGGTGCTG CGTTGGAGTG ACGGCAGTTA 1750 TCTGGAAGAT CAGGATATGT GGCGGATGAG CGGCATTTTC CGTGACGTCT 1800 CGTTGCTGCA TAAACCGACT ACACAAATCA GCGATTTCCA TGTTGCCACT 1850 CGCTTTAATG ATGATTTCAG CCGCGCTGTA CTGGAGGCTG AAGTTCAGAT 1900 GTGCGGCGAG TTGCGTGACT ACCTACGGGT AACAGTTTCT TTATGGCAGG 1950 GTGAAACGCA GGTCGCCAGC GGCACCGCGC CTTTCGGCGG TGAAATTATC 2000 GATGAGCGTG GTGGTTATGC CGATCGCGTC ACACTACGTC TGAACGTCGA 2050 AAACCCGAAA CTGTGGAGCG CCGAAATCCC GAATCTCTAT CGTGCGGTGG 2100 TTGAACTGCA CACCGCCGAC GGCACGCTGA TTGAAGCAGA AGCCTGCGAT 2150 GTCGGTTTCC GCGAGGTGCG GATTGAAAAT GGTCTGCTGC TGCTGAACGG 2200 CAAGCCGTTG CTGATTCGAG GCGTTAACCG TCACGAGCAT CATCCTCTGC 2250 ATGGTCAGGT CATGGATGAG CAGACGATGG TGCAGGATAT CCTGCTGATG 2300 AAGCAGAACA ACTTTAACGC CGTGCGCTGT TCGCATTATC CGAACCATCC 2350 GCTGTGGTAC ACGCTGTGCG ACCGCTACGG CCTGTATGTG GTGGATGAAG 2400 CCAATATTGA AACCCACGGC ATGGTGCCAA TGAATCGTCT GACCGATGAT 2450 CCGCGCTGGC TACCGGCGAT GAGCGAACGC GTAACGCGAA TGGTGCAGCG 2500 CGATCGTAAT CACCCGAGTG TGATCATCTG GTCGCTGGGG AATGAATCAG 2550 GCCACGGCGC TAATCACGAC GCGCTGTATC GCTGGATCAA ATCTGTCGAT 2600 CCTTCCCGCC CGGTGCAGTA TGAAGGCGGC GGAGCCGACA CCACGGCCAC 2650 CGATATTATT TGCCCGATGT ACGCGCGCGT GGATGAAGAC CAGCCCTTCC 2700 CGGCTGTGCC GAAATGGTCC ATCAAAAAAT GGCTTTCGCT ACCTGGAGAG 2750 ACGCGCCCGC TGATCCTTTG CGAATACGCC CACGCGATGG GTAACAGTCT 2800 TGGCGGTTTC GCTAAATACT GGCAGGCGTT TCGTCAGTAT CCCCGTTTAC 2850 AGGGCGGCTT CGTCTGGGAC TGGGTGGATC AGTCGCTGAT TAAATATGAT 2900 GAAAACGGCA ACCCGTGGTC GGCTTACGGC GGTGATTTTG GCGATACGCC 2950 GAACGATCGC CAGTTCTGTA TGAACGGTCT GGTCTTTGCC GACCGCACGC 3000 CGCATCCAGC GCTGACGGAA GCAAAACACC AGCAGCAGTT TTTCCAGTTC 3050 CGTTTATCCG GGCAAACCAT CGAAGTGACC AGCGAATACC TGTTCCGTCA 3100 TAGCGATAAC GAGCTCCTGC ACTGGATGGT GGCGCTGGAT GGTAAGCCGC 3150 TGGCAAGCGG TGAAGTGCCT CTGGATGTCG CTCCACAAGG TAAACAGTTG 3200 ATTGAACTGC CTGAACTACC GCAGCCGGAG AGCGCCGGGC AACTCTGGCT 3250 CACAGTACGC GTAGTGCAAC CGAACGCGAC CGCATGGTCA GAAGCCGGGC 3300 ACATCAGCGC CTGGCAGCAG TGGCGTCTGG CGGAAAACCT CAGTGTGACG 3350 CTCCCCGCCG CGTCCCACGC CATCCCGCAT CTGACCACCA GCGAAATGGA 3400 TTTTTGCATC GAGCTGGGTA ATAAGCGTTG GCAATTTAAC CGCCAGTCAG 3450 GCTTTCTTTC ACAGATGTGG ATTGGCGATA AAAAACAACT GCTGACGCCG 3500 CTGCGCGATC AGTTCACCCG TGCACCGCTG GATAACGACA TTGGCGTAAG 3550 TGAAGCGACC CGCATTGACC CTAACGCCTG GGTCGAACGC TGGAAGGCGG 3600 CGGGCCATTA CCAGGCCGAA GCAGCGTTGT TGCAGTGCAC GGCAGATACA 3650 CTTGCTGATG CGGTGCTGAT TACGACCGCT CACGCGTGGC AGCATCAGGG 3700 GAAAACCTTA TTTATCAGCC GGAAAACCTA CCGGATTGAT GGTAGTGGTC 3750 AAATGGCGAT TACCGTTGAT GTTGAAGTGG CGAGCGATAC ACCGCATCCG 3800 GCGCGGATTG GCCTGAACTG CCAGCTGGCG CAGGTAGCAG AGCGGGTAAA 3850 CTGGCTCGGA TTAGGGCCGC AAGAAAACTA TCCCGACCGC CTTACTGCCG 3900 CCTGTTTTGA CCGCTGGGAT CTGCCATTGT CAGACATGTA TACCCCGTAC 3950 GTCTTCCCGA GCGAAAACGG TCTGCGCTGC GGGACGCGCG AATTGAATTA 4000 TGGCCCACAC CAGTGGCGCG GCGACTTCCA GTTCAACATC AGCCGCTACA 4050 GTCAACAGCA ACTGATGGAA ACCAGCCATC GCCATCTGCT GCACGCGGAA 4100 GAAGGCACAT GGCTGAATAT CGACGGTTTC CATATGGGGA TTGGTGGCGA 4150 CGACTCCTGG AGCCCGTCAG TATCGGCGGA ATTACAGCTG AGCGCCGGTC 4200 GCTACCATTA CCAGTTGGTC TGGTGTCAAA AATAATAATA ACCGGGCAGG 4250 CCATGTCTGC CCGTATTTCG CGTAAGGAAA TCCATTATGT ACTATTTAAA 4300 AAACACAAAC TTTTGGATGT TCGGTTTATT CTTTTTCTTT TACTTTTTTA 4350 TCATGGGAGC CTACTTCCCG TTTTTCCCGA TTTGGCTACA TGACATCAAC 4400 CATATCAGCA AAAGTGATAC GGGTATTATT TTTGCCGCTA TTTCTCTGTT 4450 CTCGCTATTA TTCCAACCGC TGTTTGGTCT GCTTTCTGAC AAACTCGGCC 4500 TCGACTCTAG GCGGCCGCGG GGATCCAGAC ATGATAAGAT ACATTGATGA 4550 GTTTGGACAA ACCACAACTA GAATGCAGTG AAAAAAATGC TTTATTTGTG 4600 AAATTTGTGA TGCTATTGCT TTATTTGTAA CCATTATAAG CTGCAATAAA 4650 CAAGTTAACA ACAACAATTG CATTCATTTT ATGTTTCAGG TTCAGGGGGA 4700 GGTGTGGGAG GTTTTTTCGG ATCCTCTAGA GTCGACCTGC AGGGGCTAGA 4750 ATGGCTACGT AGATAAGTAG CATGGCGGGT TAATCATTAA CTACAAGGAA 4800 CCCCTAGTGA TGGAGTTGGC CACTCCCTCT CTGCGCGCTC GCTCGCTCAC 4850 TGAGGCCGGG CGACCAAAGG TCGCCCGACG CCCGGGCTTT GCCCGGGCGG 4900 CCTCAGTGAG CGAGCGAGCG CGCAGCTGGC GTAATAGCGA AGAGGCCCGC 4950 ACCGATCGCC CTTCCCAACA GTTGCGCAGC CTGAATGGCG AATGGAATTC 5000 CAGACGATTG AGCGTCAAAA TGTAGGTATT TCCATGAGCG TTTTTCCTGT 5050 TGCAATGGCT GGCGGTAATA TTGTTCTGGA TATTACCAGC AAGGCCGATA 5100 GTTTGAGTTC TTCTACTCAG GCAAGTGATG TTATTACTAA TCAAAGAAGT 5150 ATTGCGACAA CGGTTAATTT GCGTGATGGA CAGACTCTTT TACTCGGTGG 5200 CCTCACTGAT TATAAAAACA CTTCTCAGGA TTCTGGCGTA CCGTTCCTGT 5250 CTAAAATCCC TTTAATCGGC CTCCTGTTTA GCTCCCGCTC TGATTCTAAC 5300 GAGGAAAGCA CGTTATACGT GCTCGTCAAA GCAACCATAG TACGCGCCCT 5350 GTAGCGGCGC ATTAAGCGCG GCGGGTGTGG TGGTTACGCG CAGCGTGACC 5400 GCTACACTTG CCAGCGCCCT AGCGCCCGCT CCTTTCGCTT TCTTCCCTTC 5450 CTTTCTCGCC ACGTTCGCCG GCTTTCCCCG TCAAGCTCTA AATCGGGGGC 5500 TCCCTTTAGG GTTCCGATTT AGTGCTTTAC GGCACCTCGA CCCCAAAAAA 5550 CTTGATTAGG GTGATGGTTC ACGTAGTGGG CCATCGCCCT GATAGACGGT 5600 TTTTCGCCCT TTGACGTTGG AGTCCACGTT CTTTAATAGT GGACTCTTGT 5650 TCCAAACTGG AACAACACTC AACCCTATCT CGGTCTATTC TTTTGATTTA 5700 TAAGGGATTT TGCCGATTTC GGCCTATTGG TTAAAAAATG AGCTGATTTA 5750 ACAAAAATTT AACGCGAATT TTAACAAAAT ATTAACGTTT ACAATTTAAA 5800 TATTTGCTTA TACAATCTTC CTGTTTTTGG GGCTTTTCTG ATTATCAACC 5850 GGGGTACATA TGATTGACAT GCTAGTTTTA CGATTACCGT TCATCGATTC 5900 TCTTGTTTGC TCCAGACTCT CAGGCAATGA CCTGATAGCC TTTGTAGAGA 5950 CCTCTCAAAA ATAGCTACCC TCTCCGGCAT GAATTTATCA GCTAGAACGG 6000 TTGAATATCA TATTGATGGT GATTTGACTG TCTCCGGCCT TTCTCACCCG 6050 TTTGAATCTT TACCTACACA TTACTCAGGC ATTGCATTTA AAATATATGA 6100 GGGTTCTAAA AATTTTTATC CTTGCGTTGA AATAAAGGCT TCTCCCGCAA 6150 AAGTATTACA GGGTCATAAT GTTTTTGGTA CAACCGATTT AGCTTTATGC 6200 TCTGAGGCTT TATTGCTTAA TTTTGCTAAT TCTTTGCCTT GCCTGTATGA 6250 TTTATTGGAT GTTGGAATTC CTGATGCGGT ATTTTCTCCT TACGCATCTG 6300 TGCGGTATTT CACACCGCAT ATGGTGCACT CTCAGTACAA TCTGCTCTGA 6350 TGCCGCATAG TTAAGCCAGC CCCGACACCC GCCAACACCC GCTGACGCGC 6400 CCTGACGGGC TTGTCTGCTC CCGGCATCCG CTTACAGACA AGCTGTGACC 6450 GTCTCCGGGA GCTGCATGTG TCAGAGGTTT TCACCGTCAT CACCGAAACG 6500 CGCGAGACGA AAGGGCCTCG TGATACGCCT ATTTTTATAG GTTAATGTCA 6550 TGATAATAAT GGTTTCTTAG ACGTCAGGTG GCACTTTTCG GGGAAATGTG 6600 CGCGGAACCC CTATTTGTTT ATTTTTCTAA ATACATTCAA ATATGTATCC 6650 GCTCATGAGA CAATAACCCT GATAAATGCT TCAATAATAT TGAAAAAGGA 6700 AGAGTATGAG TATTCAACAT TTCCGTGTCG CCCTTATTCC CTTTTTTGCG 6750 GCATTTTGCC TTCCTGTTTT TGCTCACCCA GAAACGCTGG TGAAAGTAAA 6800 AGATGCTGAA GATCAGTTGG GTGCACGAGT GGGTTACATC GAACTGGATC 6850 TCAACAGCGG TAAGATCCTT GAGAGTTTTC GCCCCGAAGA ACGTTTTCCA 6900 ATGATGAGCA CTTTTAAAGT TCTGCTATGT GGCGCGGTAT TATCCCGTAT 6950 TGACGCCGGG CAAGAGCAAC TCGGTCGCCG CATACACTAT TCTCAGAATG 7000 ACTTGGTTGA GTACTCACCA GTCACAGAAA AGCATCTTAC GGATGGCATG 7050 ACAGTAAGAG AATTATGCAG TGCTGCCATA ACCATGAGTG ATAACACTGC 7100 GGCCAACTTA CTTCTGACAA CGATCGGAGG ACCGAAGGAG CTAACCGCTT 7150 TTTTGCACAA CATGGGGGAT CATGTAACTC GCCTTGATCG TTGGGAACCG 7200 GAGCTGAATG AAGCCATACC AAACGACGAG CGTGACACCA CGATGCCTGT 7250 AGCAATGGCA ACAACGTTGC GCAAACTATT AACTGGCGAA CTACTTACTC 7300 TAGCTTCCCG GCAACAATTA ATAGACTGGA TGGAGGCGGA TAAAGTTGCA 7350 GGACCACTTC TGCGCTCGGC CCTTCCGGCT GGCTGGTTTA TTGCTGATAA 7400 ATCTGGAGCC GGTGAGCGTG GGTCTCGCGG TATCATTGCA GCACTGGGGC 7450 CAGATGGTAA GCCCTCCCGT ATCGTAGTTA TCTACACGAC GGGGAGTCAG 7500 GCAACTATGG ATGAACGAAA TAGACAGATC GCTGAGATAG GTGCCTCACT 7550 GATTAAGCAT TGGTAACTGT CAGACCAAGT TTACTCATAT ATACTTTAGA 7600 TTGATTTAAA ACTTCATTTT TAATTTAAAA GGATCTAGGT GAAGATCCTT 7650 TTTGATAATC TCATGACCAA AATCCCTTAA CGTGAGTTTT CGTTCCACTG 7700 AGCGTCAGAC CCCGTAGAAA AGATCAAAGG ATCTTCTTGA GATCCTTTTT 7750 TTCTGCGCGT AATCTGCTGC TTGCAAACAA AAAAACCACC GCTACCAGCG 7800 GTGGTTTGTT TGCCGGATCA AGAGCTACCA ACTCTTTTTC CGAAGGTAAC 7850 TGGCTTCAGC AGAGCGCAGA TACCAAATAC TGTCCTTCTA GTGTAGCCGT 7900 AGTTAGGCCA CCACTTCAAG AACTCTGTAG CACCGCCTAC ATACCTCGCT 7950 CTGCTAATCC TGTTACCAGT GGCTGCTGCC AGTGGCGATA AGTCGTGTCT 8000 TACCGGGTTG GACTCAAGAC GATAGTTACC GGATAAGGCG CAGCGGTCGG 8050 GCTGAACGGG GGGTTCGTGC ACACAGCCCA GCTTGGAGCG AACGACCTAC 8100 ACCGAACTGA GATACCTACA GCGTGAGCTA TGAGAAAGCG CCACGCTTCC 8150 CGAAGGGAGA AAGGCGGACA GGTATCCGGT AAGCGGCAGG GTCGGAACAG 8200 GAGAGCGCAC GAGGGAGCTT CCAGGGGGAA ACGCCTGGTA TCTTTATAGT 8250 CCTGTCGGGT TTCGCCACCT CTGACTTGAG CGTCGATTTT TGTGATGCTC 8300 GTCAGGGGGG CGGAGCCTAT GGAAAAACGC CAGCAACGCG GCCTTTTTAC 8350 GGTTCCTGGC CTTTTGCTGG CCTTTTGCTC ACATGTTCTT TCCTGCGTTA 8400 TCCCCTGATT CTGTGGATAA CCGTATTACC GCCTTTGAGT GAGCTGATAC 8450 CGCTCGCCGC AGCCGAACGA CCGAGCGCAG CGAGTCAGTG AGCGAGGAAG 8500 CGGAAGAGC 8509 8299 base pairs nucleic acid double Not Relevant cDNA not provided 5 GCCCAATACG CAAACCGCCT CTCCCCGCGC GTTGGCCGAT TCATTAATGC 50 AGCTGCGCGC TCGCTCGCTC ACTGAGGCCG CCCGGGCAAA GCCCGGGCGT 100 CGGGCGACCT TTGGTCGCCC GGCCTCAGTG AGCGAGCGAG CGCGCAGAGA 150 GGGAGTGGCC AACTCCATCA CTAGGGGTTC CTTGTAGTTA ATGATTAACC 200 CGCCATGCTA CTTATCTACA TCATCGATGA ATTCGAGCTT GCATGCCTGC 250 AGGTCGTTAC ATAACTTACG GTAAATGGCC CGCCTGGCTG ACCGCCCAAC 300 GACCCCCGCC CATTGACGTC AATAATGACG TATGTTCCCA TAGTAACGCC 350 AATAGGGACT TTCCATTGAC GTCAATGGGT GGAGTATTTA CGGTAAACTG 400 CCCACTTGGC AGTACATCAA GTGTATCATA TGCCAAGTAC GCCCCCTATT 450 GACGTCAATG ACGGTAAATG GCCCGCCTGG CATTATGCCC AGTACATGAC 500 CTTATGGGAC TTTCCTACTT GGCAGTACAT CTACGTATTA GTCATCGCTA 550 TTACCATGGT GATGCGGTTT TGGCAGTACA TCAATGGGCG TGGATAGCGG 600 TTTGACTCAC GGGGATTTCC AAGTCTCCAC CCCATTGACG TCAATGGGAG 650 TTTGTTTTGG CACCAAAATC AACGGGACTT TCCAAAATGT CGTAACAACT 700 CCGCCCCATT GACGCAAATG GGCGGTAGGC GTGTACGGTG GGAGGTCTAT 750 ATAAGCAGAG CTCGTTTAGT GAACCGTCAG ATCGCCTGGA GACGCCATCC 800 ACGCTGTTTT GACCTCCATA GAAGACACCG GGACCGATCC AGCCTCCGGA 850 CTCTAGAGGA TCCGGTACTC GACCCGAGCT CGGATCCACT AGTAACGGCC 900 GCCAGTGTGC TGGAATTCTG CACTCCAGGC TGCCCGGGTT TGCATGCTGC 950 TGCTGCTGCT GCTGCTGGGC CTGAGGCTAC AGCTCTCCCT GGGCATCATC 1000 CTAGTTGAGG AGGAGAACCC GGACTTCTGG AACCGCGAGG CAGCCGAGGC 1050 CCTGGGTGCC GCCAAGAAGC TGCAGCCTGC ACAGACAGCC GCCAAGAACC 1100 TCATCATCTT CCTGGGCGAT GGGATGGGGG TGTCTACGGT GACAGCTGCC 1150 AGGATCCTAA AAGGGCAGAA GAAGGACAAA CTGGGGCCTG AGATACCCCT 1200 GGCCATGGAC CGCTTCCCAT ATGTGGCTCT GTCCAAGACA TACAATGTAG 1250 ACAAACATGT GCCAGACAGT GGAGCCACAG CCACGGCCTA CCTGTGCGGG 1300 GTCAAGGGCA ACTTCCAGAC CATTGGCTTG AGTGCAGCCG CCCGCTTTAA 1350 CCAGTGCAAC ACGACACGCG GCAACGAGGT CATCTCCGTG ATGAATCGGG 1400 CCAAGAAAGC AGGGAAGTCA GTGGGAGTGG TAACCACCAC ACGAGTGCAG 1450 CACGCCTCGC CAGCCGGCAC CTACGCCCAC ACGGTGAACC GCAACTGGTA 1500 CTCGGACGCC GACGTGCCTG CCTCGGCCCG CCAGGAGGGG TGCCAGGACA 1550 TCGCTACGCA GCTCATCTCC AACATGGACA TTGATGTGAT CCTAGGTGGA 1600 GGCCGAAAGT ACATGTTTCG CATGGGAACC CCAGACCCTG AGTACCCAGA 1650 TGACTACAGC CAAGGTGGGA CCAGGCTGGA CGGGAAGAAT CTGGTGCAGG 1700 AATGGCTCGG CGAACGCCAG GGTGCCCGGT ACGTGTGGAA CCGCACTGAG 1750 CTCATGCAGG CTTCCCTGGA CCCGTCTGTG ACCCATCTCA TGGGTCTCTT 1800 TGAGCCTGGA GACATGAAAT ACGAGATCCA CCGAGACTCC ACACTGGACC 1850 CCTCCCTGAT GGAGATGACA GAGGCTGCCC TGCGCCTGCT GAGCAGACAC 1900 CCCCGCGGCT TCTTCCTCTT CGTGGAGGGT GGTCGCATCG ACCATGGTCA 1950 TCATGAAAGC AGGGCTTACC GGGCACTGAC TGAGACGATC ATGTTCGACG 2000 ACGCCATTGA GAGGGCGGGC CAGCTCACCA GCGAGGAGGA CACGCTGAGC 2050 CTCGTCACTG CCGACCACTC CCACGTCTTC TCCTTCGGAG GCTACCCCCT 2100 GCGAGGGAGC TCCTTCATCG GGCTGGCCGC TGGCAAGGCC CGGGACAGGA 2150 AGGCCTACAC GGTCCTCCTA TACGGAAACG GTCCAGGCTA TGTGCTCAAG 2200 GACGGCGCCC GGCCGGATGT TACCGAGAGC GAGAGCGGGA GCCCCGAGTA 2250 TCGGCAGCAG TCAGCAGTGC CCCTGGACGA AGAGACCCAC GCAGGCGAGG 2300 ACGTGGCGGT GTTCGCGCGC GGCCCGCAGG CGCACCTGGT TCACGGCGTG 2350 CAGGAGCAGA CCTTCATAGC GCACGTCATG GCCTTCGCCG CCTGCCTGGA 2400 GCCCTACACC GCCTGCGACC TGGCGCCCCC CGCCGGCACC ACCGACGCCG 2450 CGCACCCGGG GCGGTCCGTG GTCCCCGCGT TGCTTCCTCT GCTGGCCGGG 2500 ACCCTGCTGC TGCTGGAGAC GGCCACTGCT CCCTGAGTGT CCCGTCCCTG 2550 GGGCTCCTGC TTCCCCATCC CGGAGTTCTC CTGCTCCCCA CCTCCTGTCG 2600 TCCTGCCTGG CCTCCAGCCC GAGTCGTCAT CCCCGGAGTC CCTATACAGA 2650 GGTCCTGCCA TGGAACCTTC CCCTCCCCGT GCGCTCTGGG GACTGAGCCC 2700 ATGACACCAA ACCTGCCCCT TGGCTGCTCT CGGACTCCCT ACCCCAACCC 2750 CAGGGACTGC AGGTTGTGCC CTGTGGCTGC CTGCACCCCA GGAAAGGAGG 2800 GGGCTCAGGC CATCCAGCCA CCACCTACAG CCCAGTGGGG TCGAGACAGA 2850 TGGTCAGTCT GGAGGATGAC GTGGCGTGAA GCTGGCCGCG GGGATCCAGA 2900 CATGATAAGA TACATTGATG AGTTTGGACA AACCACAACT AGAATGCAGT 2950 GAAAAAAATG CTTTATTTGT GAAATTTGTG ATGCTATTGC TTTATTTGTA 3000 ACCATTATAA GCTGCAATAA ACAAGTTAAC AACAACAATT GCATTCATTT 3050 TATGTTTCAG GTTCAGGGGG AGGTGTGGGA GGTTTTTTCG GATCCTCTAG 3100 AGTCGACTCT AGANNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 3150 NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 3200 NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 3250 NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 3300 NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN 3350 NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNN NNNGGATCCC 3400 CATGACTACG TCCGGCGTTC CATTTGGCAT GACACTACGA CCAACACGAT 3450 CTCGGTTGTC TCGGCGCACT CCGTACAGTA GGGATCGTCT ACCTCCTTTT 3500 GAGACAGAAA CCCGCGCTAC CATACTGGAG GATCATCCGC TGCTGCCCGA 3550 ATGTAACACT TTGACAATGC ACAACGTGAG TTACGTGCGA GGTCTTCCCT 3600 GCAGTGTGGG ATTTACGCTG ATTCAGGAAT GGGTTGTTCC CTGGGATATG 3650 GTTCTAACGC GGGAGGAGCT TGTAATCCTG AGGAAGTGTA TGCACGTGTG 3700 CCTGTGTTGT GCCAACATTG ATATCATGAC GAGCATGATG ATCCATGGTT 3750 ACGAGTCCTG GGCTCTCCAC TGTCATTGTT CCAGTCCCGG TTCCCTGCAG 3800 TGTATAGCCG GCGGGCAGGT TTTGGCCAGC TGGTTTAGGA TGGTGGTGGA 3850 TGGCGCCATG TTTAATCAGA GGTTTATATG GTACCGGGAG GTGGTGAATT 3900 ACAACATGCC AAAAGAGGTA ATGTTTATGT CCAGCGTGTT TATGAGGGGT 3950 CGCCACTTAA TCTACCTGCG CTTGTGGTAT GATGGCCACG TGGGTTCTGT 4000 GGTCCCCGCC ATGAGCTTTG GATACAGCGC CTTGCACTGT GGGATTTTGA 4050 ACAATATTGT GGTGCTGTGC TGCAGTTACT GTGCTGATTT AAGTGAGATC 4100 AGGGTGCGCT GCTGTGCCCG GAGGACAAGG CGCCTTATGC TGCGGGCGGT 4150 GCGAATCATC GCTGAGGAGA CCACTGCCAT GTTGTATTCC TGCAGGACGG 4200 AGCGGCGGCG GCAGCAGTTT ATTCGCGCGC TGCTGCAGCA CCACCGCCCT 4250 ATCCTGATGC ACGATTATGA CTCTACCCCC ATGTAGGGAT CCCCATCACT 4300 AGTGCGGCCG CGGGGATCCA GACATGATAA GATACATTGA TGAGTTTGGA 4350 CAAACCACAA CTAGAATGCA GTGAAAAAAA TGCTTTATTT GTGAAATTTG 4400 TGATGCTATT GCTTTATTTG TAACCATTAT AAGCTGCAAT AAACAAGTTA 4450 ACAACAACAA TTGCATTCAT TTTATGTTTC AGGTTCAGGG GGAGGTGTGG 4500 GAGGTTTTTT CGGATCCTCT AGAGTCGACC TGCAGGCATG CAAGCTGTAG 4550 ATAAGTAGCA TGGCGGGTTA ATCATTAACT ACAAGGAACC CCTAGTGATG 4600 GAGTTGGCCA CTCCCTCTCT GCGCGCTCGC TCGCTCACTG AGGCCGGGCG 4650 ACCAAAGGTC GCCCGACGCC CGGGCTTTGC CCGGGCGGCC TCAGTGAGCG 4700 AGCGAGCGCG CAGCTGGCGT AATAGCGAAG AGGCCCGCAC CGATCGCCCT 4750 TCCCAACAGT TGCGCAGCCT GAATGGCGAA TGGAANTTCC AGACGATTGA 4800 GCGTCAAAAT GTAGGTATTT CCATGAGCGT TTTTCCTGTT GCAATGGCTG 4850 GCGGTAATAT TGTTCTGGAT ATTACCAGCA AGGCCGATAG TTTGAGTTCT 4900 TCTACTCAGG CAAGTGATGT TATTACTAAT CAAAGAAGTA TTGCGACAAC 4950 GGTTAATTTG CGTGATGGAC AGACTCTTTT ACTCGGTGGC CTCACTGATT 5000 ATAAAAACAC TTCTCAGGAT TCTGGCGTAC CGTTCCTGTC TAAAATCCCT 5050 TTAATCGGCC TCCTGTTTAG CTCCCGCTCT GATTCTAACG AGGAAAGCAC 5100 GTTATACGTG CTCGTCAAAG CAACCATAGT ACGCGCCCTG TAGCGGCGCA 5150 TTAAGCGCGG CGGGTGTGGT GGTTACGCGC AGCGTGACCG CTACACTTGC 5200 CAGCGCCCTA GCGCCCGCTC CTTTCGCTTT CTTCCCTTCC TTTCTCGCCA 5250 CGTTCGCCGG CTTTCCCCGT CAAGCTCTAA ATCGGGGGCT CCCTTTAGGG 5300 TTCCGATTTA GTGCTTTACG GCACCTCGAC CCCAAAAAAC TTGATTAGGG 5350 TGATGGTTCA CGTAGTGGGC CATCGCCCTG ATAGACGGTT TTTCGCCCTT 5400 TGACGTTGGA GTCCACGTTC TTTAATAGTG GACTCTTGTT CCAAACTGGA 5450 ACAACACTCA ACCCTATCTC GGTCTATTCT TTTGATTTAT AAGGGATTTT 5500 GCCGATTTCG GCCTATTGGT TAAAAAATGA GCTGATTTAA CAAAAATTTA 5550 ACGCGAATTT TAACAAAATA TTAACGTTTA CAATTTAAAT ATTTGCTTAT 5600 ACAATCTTCC TGTTTTTGGG GCTTTTCTGA TTATCAACCG GGGTACATAT 5650 GATTGACATG CTAGTTTTAC GATTACCGTT CATCGATTCT CTTGTTTGCT 5700 CCAGACTCTC AGGCAATGAC CTGATAGCCT TTGTAGAGAC CTCTCAAAAA 5750 TAGCTACCCT CTCCGGCATG AATTTATCAG CTAGAACGGT TGAATATCAT 5800 ATTGATGGTG ATTTGACTGT CTCCGGCCTT TCTCACCCGT TTGAATCTTT 5850 ACCTACACAT TACTCAGGCA TTGCATTTAA AATATATGAG GGTTCTAAAA 5900 ATTTTTATCC TTGCGTTGAA ATAAAGGCTT CTCCCGCAAA AGTATTACAG 5950 GGTCATAATG TTTTTGGTAC AACCGATTTA GCTTTATGCT CTGAGGCTTT 6000 ATTGCTTAAT TTTGCTAATT CTTTGCCTTG CCTGTATGAT TTATTGGATG 6050 TTGGAANTTC CTGATGCGGT ATTTTCTCCT TACGCATCTG TGCGGTATTT 6100 CACACCGCAT ATGGTGCACT CTCAGTACAA TCTGCTCTGA TGCCGCATAG 6150 TTAAGCCAGC CCCGACACCC GCCAACACCC GCTGACGCGC CCTGACGGGC 6200 TTGTCTGCTC CCGGCATCCG CTTACAGACA AGCTGTGACC GTCTCCGGGA 6250 GCTGCATGTG TCAGAGGTTT TCACCGTCAT CACCGAAACG CGCGAGACGA 6300 AAGGGCCTCG TGATACGCCT ATTTTTATAG GTTAATGTCA TGATAATAAT 6350 GGTTTCTTAG ACGTCAGGTG GCACTTTTCG GGGAAATGTG CGCGGAACCC 6400 CTATTTGTTT ATTTTTCTAA ATACATTCAA ATATGTATCC GCTCATGAGA 6450 CAATAACCCT GATAAATGCT TCAATAATAT TGAAAAAGGA AGAGTATGAG 6500 TATTCAACAT TTCCGTGTCG CCCTTATTCC CTTTTTTGCG GCATTTTGCC 6550 TTCCTGTTTT TGCTCACCCA GAAACGCTGG TGAAAGTAAA AGATGCTGAA 6600 GATCAGTTGG GTGCACGAGT GGGTTACATC GAACTGGATC TCAACAGCGG 6650 TAAGATCCTT GAGAGTTTTC GCCCCGAAGA ACGTTTTCCA ATGATGAGCA 6700 CTTTTAAAGT TCTGCTATGT GGCGCGGTAT TATCCCGTAT TGACGCCGGG 6750 CAAGAGCAAC TCGGTCGCCG CATACACTAT TCTCAGAATG ACTTGGTTGA 6800 GTACTCACCA GTCACAGAAA AGCATCTTAC GGATGGCATG ACAGTAAGAG 6850 AATTATGCAG TGCTGCCATA ACCATGAGTG ATAACACTGC GGCCAACTTA 6900 CTTCTGACAA CGATCGGAGG ACCGAAGGAG CTAACCGCTT TTTTGCACAA 6950 CATGGGGGAT CATGTAACTC GCCTTGATCG TTGGGAACCG GAGCTGAATG 7000 AAGCCATACC AAACGACGAG CGTGACACCA CGATGCCTGT AGCAATGGCA 7050 ACAACGTTGC GCAAACTATT AACTGGCGAA CTACTTACTC TAGCTTCCCG 7100 GCAACAATTA ATAGACTGGA TGGAGGCGGA TAAAGTTGCA GGACCACTTC 7150 TGCGCTCGGC CCTTCCGGCT GGCTGGTTTA TTGCTGATAA ATCTGGAGCC 7200 GGTGAGCGTG GGTCTCGCGG TATCATTGCA GCACTGGGGC CAGATGGTAA 7250 GCCCTCCCGT ATCGTAGTTA TCTACACGAC GGGGAGTCAG GCAACTATGG 7300 ATGAACGAAA TAGACAGATC GCTGAGATAG GTGCCTCACT GATTAAGCAT 7350 TGGTAACTGT CAGACCAAGT TTACTCATAT ATACTTTAGA TTGATTTAAA 7400 ACTTCATTTT TAATTTAAAA GGATCTAGGT GAAGATCCTT TTTGATAATC 7450 TCATGACCAA AATCCCTTAA CGTGAGTTTT CGTTCCACTG AGCGTCAGAC 7500 CCCGTAGAAA AGATCAAAGG ATCTTCTTGA GATCCTTTTT TTCTGCGCGT 7550 AATCTGCTGC TTGCAAACAA AAAAACCACC GCTACCAGCG GTGGTTTGTT 7600 TGCCGGATCA AGAGCTACCA ACTCTTTTTC CGAAGGTAAC TGGCTTCAGC 7650 AGAGCGCAGA TACCAAATAC TGTCCTTCTA GTGTAGCCGT AGTTAGGCCA 7700 CCACTTCAAG AACTCTGTAG CACCGCCTAC ATACCTCGCT CTGCTAATCC 7750 TGTTACCAGT GGCTGCTGCC AGTGGCGATA AGTCGTGTCT TACCGGGTTG 7800 GACTCAAGAC GATAGTTACC GGATAAGGCG CAGCGGTCGG GCTGAACGGG 7850 GGGTTCGTGC ACACAGCCCA GCTTGGAGCG AACGACCTAC ACCGAACTGA 7900 GATACCTACA GCGTGAGCTA TGAGAAAGCG CCACGCTTCC CGAAGGGAGA 7950 AAGGCGGACA GGTATCCGGT AAGCGGCAGG GTCGGAACAG GAGAGCGCAC 8000 GAGGGAGCTT CCAGGGGGAA ACGCCTGGTA TCTTTATAGT CCTGTCGGGT 8050 TTCGCCACCT CTGACTTGAG CGTCGATTTT TGTGATGCTC GTCAGGGGGG 8100 CGGAGCCTAT GGAAAAACGC CAGCAACGCG GCCTTTTTAC GGTTCCTGGC 8150 CTTTTGCTGG CCTTTTGCTC ACATGTTCTT TCCTGCGTTA TCCCCTGATT 8200 CTGTGGATAA CCGTATTACC GCCTTTGAGT GAGCTGATAC CGCTCGCCGC 8250 AGCCGAACGA CCGAGCGCAG CGAGTCAGTG AGCGAGGAAG CGGAAGAGC 8299 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for enhancing the efficiency of transduction of a recombint AAV into a target cell comprising the steps of: infecting said target cell with a recombinant adeno-associated virus purified from contamination with adenovirus and comprising (a) adeno-associated virus inverted terminal repeat sequences necessary for transduction; and (b) a selected gene operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing its expression, wherein said gene is flanked by the sequences of (a); and introducing into said target cell a non-naturally occurring agent which delivers an adenovirus E4 gene product to said target cell, whereby said adenovirus E4 gene product enhances the efficiency of transduction of the recombinant AAV into the target cell.
 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said agent further delivers an adenovirus E1 gene product to the target cell.
 3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said agent is a recombinant helper virus comprising the adenovirus E4 gene or a functional fragment thereof.
 4. The method according to claim 1 where said non-naturally occurring agent is a DNA molecule comprising a DNA sequence encoding said adenovirus E4 gene product, said DNA sequence operatively linked to regulatory sequences which direct expression of said E4 gene product in said target cell.
 5. The method according to claim 3 wherein said recombinant helper virus further comprises the adenovirus E1 gene or a functional fragment thereof.
 6. The method according to claim 3 wherein said functional fragment of said E4 gene comprises the open reading frame 6 of E4.
 7. The method according to claim 3 or 6 wherein said recombinant helper virus is an adenovirus.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein said DNA molecule further comprises a DNA sequence encoding an adenovirus E1 gene product, said DNA sequence operatively linked to regulatory sequences which direct expression of said E1 gene product in said target cell.
 9. The method according to claim 7 or 8 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E4 gene product and/or said E1 gene product comprise a constitutive promoter.
 10. The method according to claim 7 or 8 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E4 gene product and/or said adenovirus E1 gene product comprise an inducible promoter, and wherein said cells are exposed to an inducing agent.
 11. A method for enhancing the efficiency of transduction of a recombinant AAV into a target cell comprising infecting said target cell with a recombinant adeno-associated virus purified from contamination with advirus and comprising: (a) adeno-associated virus inverited terminal repeat sequences necessary for transduction; (b) a selected gene operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing expression of the selected gene product; and (c) an adenovirus E4 gene or a functional fragment thereof operatively linked to regulatory sequences which direct expression of an adenovirus E4 gene product, wherein said selected gene and said E4 gene or functional fragment are flanked by the sequences of (a), whereby said adenovirus E4 gene product enhances the efficiency of transduction of the recombinant AAV into the target cell.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said recombinant adeno-associated virus further comprises an adenovirus E1 gene or a functional fragment thereof operatively linked to regulatory sequences which direct expression of an adenovirus E1 gene product, wherein said E1 gene or functional fragment is flanked by the sequences of (a) in said target cell.
 13. The method according to claim 11 wherein said functional fragment of E4 is the ORF6 sequence.
 14. The method according to claim 11 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E4 gene product comprise an inducible promoter, and cells are exposed to an inducing agent.
 15. The method according to claim 11 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E4 gene product comprise a constitutive promoter.
 16. The method according to claim 12 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said E1 gene product comprise an inducible promoter, and wherein said cell is exposed to an inducing agent.
 17. The method according to claim 12 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E1 gene product comprise a constitutive promoter.
 18. A recombinant adeno-associated virus comprising: (a) adeno-associated virus inverted terminal repeat sequences necessary for transduction; (b) a selected gene operatively linked to regulatory sequences directing its expression; and (c) an adenovirus E4 gene or functional fragment thereof operatively linked to regulatory sequences which direct expression of an adenovirus E4 gene product, wherein said selected gene and said adenovirus E4 gene or fragment thereof are flanked by the sequences by the sequences of (a).
 19. The recombinant adeno-associated virus according to claim 18 wherein said functional fragment is the ORF6 of E4.
 20. The recombinant adeno-associated virus according to claim 18 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E4 gene product comprise an inducible promoter.
 21. The recombinant adeno-associated virus according to claim 18 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said adenovirus E4 gene product comprise a constitutive promoter.
 22. The reconibinat adeno-associated virus according to claim 18 further comprising an adenovirus E1 gene or functional fragment thereof operatively linked to regulatory sequences which direct expression of an E1 gene product, wherein said E1 gene or functional fragment is flanked by the sequences of (a).
 23. The recombinant adeno-associated virus according to claim 22 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said E1 gene product comprise an inducible promoter.
 24. The recombinant adeno-associated virus according to claim 22 wherein said regulatory sequences directing expression of said E1 gene product comprise a constitutive promoter.
 25. A mammalian cell transduced with the recombinant adeno-associated virus of any one of claims 18-24. 